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The purpose of the study was to evaluate the dynamics of hematological and biochemical indices in control pigs and pigs vaccinated against Aujeszky`s disease (AD) and afterwards challenged with virulent Herpes virus suis type 1 (SHV-1). The study was performed using 21 Large White pigs, divided into three equal groups. Two groups were vaccinated intramuscularly or intradermally twice at 12 and 16 weeks of age with live attenuated deleted Porcilis Begonia (Intervet) vaccine. The third group was left as the non-vaccinated control group. Ten weeks after the first vaccination all pigs were challenged with a virulent NIA-3 strain of SHV-1 at a dose of 10⁵’⁵TCID₅₀/ml by instilling 0.5 ml of the virus suspension into each nostril. Blood for hematological and biochemical examinations was taken from the vena cava cranialis from four randomly chosen individuals of each group on the day of infection and next on day 3, 7, 14 and 21 after infection. The following indices were evaluated: hematological (RBC, WBC, Plt, Hb, Ht, MCV, MCHC) and biochemical (glucose, total protein, total cholesterol, creatinine, Ca, P, ALP, and LDH). The study indicated that, apart from clinical signs characteristic for AD which were observed mainly in the control pigs, experimental infection with virulent SHV-1 does not have a significant influence on the dynamics of the evaluated indices. The results obtained in both the vaccinated as well as control pigs generally fitted within the range of admitted reference values, although statistically significant differences were found in some indices both within and between groups. The greatest decrease in the examined indices was observed 3 to 7 days after infection in the control group and concerned RBC, Hb, Ht, as well as ALP and LDH activity. This decrease correlated to the intensity of clinical signs following infection and the dynamics of CRP and IFN-γ levels as well as indices of non-specific cellular immune response.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe and highly infectious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. Differentiating FMDV-infected animals from those that have merely been vaccinated is important for international and local trade of live animals, FMD control programs and in particular for eradication campaigns where emergency vaccinations have been applied. Several diagnostic tests have been developed to distinguish between these animals and are all based on detecting antibodies for non-structural proteins (NSPs) of FMDV. These assays have been described using either panels of proteins or individual proteins 3D, 2C, 3AB1 or 3ABC. The response to 3ABC and its cleavage products (mainly 3AB, 3A and 3B) seem to be the most reliable indices of infection. There are four commercially available tests for antibodies to FMDV NSPs: CHEKIT FMD-3ABC (Bommeli AG, Switzerland), Ceditest FMDV-NS (Cedi-Dignostics, B.V. the Netherlands), SVANOIR FMDV 3ABC-Ab ELISA (Svanova Biotech AB, Sweden) as well as UBI FMDV NSP ELISA (United Biomedical, Inc., USA). These kits have been validated to some extent but need to be harmonized and standardized against a set of standards which should cover different epidemiological situations.
The aim of the study was to conduct serological examinations for the presence of humoral antibodies against CPV-2, using an ELISA test. Moreover, amplification and restriction analysis (PCR-RFLP) of the fragment at 1278 bp (VP-2 gene) strains of CPV-2 biological materials of dogs with diarrhea were performed. The studies were carried out on 377 urban dogs aged from 3 months 17 years. All animals were vaccinated with commercially available live or inactivated vaccines against canine parvovirosis at 8, 12, 16 weeks of age. Most of the dogs were revaccinated yearly. Serological examinations determined that most of the dogs had antibodies against CPV-2 (98%) at 2-3-years-of-age. The least seropositive dogs were below 5 months (89%) and above 10 years (85%). The highest mean titer CPV-2 virus antibody were found between 0.5 - 1 year. 95% animals with diarrhea were positive for canine parvovirosis by use of PCR. Moreover, the RFLP analysis of the VP-2 gene sequence enabled the distinction of 3 restriction patterns of CPV-2 circulating in the dog population. The study indicates the vaccination of dogs provides effective protection against canine parvovirosis infection. The occasional occurrence of CPV-2 in puppies and young dogs can indicate the presence of virulent strains of CPV-2 in the dog population.
The aim of the study was to compare KLP-602 or M. chelonae on some biochemical and nonspecific immunity parameters in turkeys immunized with the virus antigen. Research was carried out on 30 turkeys (3 groups, 10 birds in each), who were given one of the two immunity stimulators: KLP-602 or M. chelonae at the age of 29 days. The control group was comprised of birds receiving no stimulators. All the birds received an active mesogenic Roakin strain of ND virus after 7 days and again after 100 days and the biochemical parameters (total proteins, gammaglobulin, ceruloplasmin level), humoral defense parameters (level of lysozyme), cellular parameters (potential killing activity, respiratory burst activity and proliferation activity) were determined. The obtained results demonstrated that M. chelonae had a more significant stimulatory effect on biochemical and humeral immunity parameters than KLP-602.
The aim of the present study was to compare selected biochemical and non-specific immunity parameters in turkeys vaccinated with Dindoral-SPF in response to a live virus antigen, the Roakin strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), after the administration of two synthetic immunity stimulators: isoprinozine and levamisol. The experiment was performed on 30 turkeys. At 24-days-of-age they were vaccinated with the commercial vaccine Dindoral-SPF containing an attenuated strain of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV). At 29-days-of-age the turkeys were divided into three groups of ten birds each. Particular subgroups were given a single dose of either levamisol or isoprinozine, and the third group (the control) received none of the immunity stimulators. After 7 days and again after 100 days all birds received a live mesogenic Roakin strain of NDV. Biochemical and non-specific immunity parameters were determined in blood collected from the wing vein. The results obtained indicated short-term but statistically significant decreases and increases in the levels of biochemical parameters (total protein, gammaglobulins and ceruloplasmin) and non-specific immunity indicators (lysozyme activity) in both experimental groups, as compared with the control group. More interesting, indicating higher effectiveness of isoprinozine than levamisol, were the results concerning non-specific cellular immunity in turkeys, including a higher metabolic activity of leukocytes in the NBT test, especially during the primary response, and higher leukocyte reactivity in the TB test, reflected by RI values, especially during the secondary response. The phagocytic activity of leukocytes, expressed as a percentage of phagocytizing cells and the values of the phagocytic index, was the highest in isoprinozine-stimulated turkeys
The aim of this study was a comparison of the occurrence and presence of Mareks disease strain HVT FC 126 in internal organs after in ovo vaccination and after vaccination of one day old chicks. One hundred SPF chicken embryos were used in the experiment on the 18th day of incubation. Forty-five embryos were vaccinated in ovo with a dose of 2400 pfu of virus HVT FC 126. Twenty-eight embryos were injected in the back area (group I), and for 17 embryos the vaccine was provided to the embryonic fluids (group II). All of the embryos were hatched. Chicks from non-vaccinated embryos were divided into two groups. On the first day after clutch, 30 chicks were vaccinated in the leg muscle (group III). The fourth control group consisted of non-vaccinated chicks. Blood samples and sections of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and bursa of Fabricius were taken on days 1, 3, 7 and 10 from 5-day-old chicks (group I), on days 1, 3 and 10 from group II, and on days 3, 7 and 10 from groups III and IV. Total DNA was extracted from the samples, and used for the detection of viral DNA with PCR method. For amplification, two primers, specific for the fragment of A gene of MDV 3 serotype were used. No influence of in ovo vaccination on hatching was observed. Percentage of hatched chicks after in ovo vaccination was 85.7% and in the control group 87.3%. Chicks were healthy and welldeveloped. Viral DNA was found in the blood and lungs in group I about 3 hours after hatching, and was detected on the third day of life in blood, liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys of birds from group I as well as in blood samples from group II. From the 7th day of life characteristic for HVT FC 126 product (434 bp) was observed in all the samples collected from group I. It was subsequently detected in blood, spleen and lungs on the 7th day of life and in the bursa of Fabricius and liver on the 10th day of life in group III. Viral DNA was not found in samples taken from the heart and kidneys.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the stimulating effect of KLP-602 and M. chelonae on some parameters of specific cellular and humoral immunity in turkeys vaccinated with ND virus. The research was carried out on 30 turkeys in three groups. Two groups were given one stimulator and one group was control. After 7 and 100 days birds were immunized against the mesogenic Roakin strain of ND virus. Cellular immunity in the blastic transformation and humoral inhibition were determined in the blood. The results shows that KLP-602 and M. chelonae were better stimulators of humoral immunity than cellular immunity. In the case of KLP-602 group gammaglobulin level was higher than in M. chelonae and the control group.
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