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Hydroxyapatite in the form of granules of different sizes is a popular material used in oral surgery. It is widely used in the guided bone regeneration technique (GBR). The essence of this method is to assist the healing process of bone defects by means of implantation material, natural or synthetic, which is placed within the bone cavity. Hydroxyapatite implant reduces the volume of the hematoma forming in the wound, prevents infection and has osteoconductive properties. It also increases local bone mechanical strength in the treated area. Three cases of patients with bone cavities after surgical treatment of inflammatory lesions have been described. The cavities have been filled with hydroxyapatite granules. The material has been used in two cases in animals in the treatment of oro-nasal fistula and in one case in a human after enucleation of an inflammatory lesion. It has been proved that hydroxyapatite as an implantation material provides better and faster recovery of bone lesions, while the bone that forms on the implant has a more regular structure than bone generated only on the basis of a clot. In the described cases the treatment of bone cavities in animals and humans proved to be a hydroxyapatite biomaterial accelerating the reconstruction of bone tissue.
The present research is unique. Its purpose was to prove the suitability of X-ray techniques for diagnosis of pathological changes of wild ruminant skeletons. The most interesting cases were chosen, among which two had very similar changes visible in the submaxilla area. The macroscopic examination did not allow for a closer estimation of the character changes. The X-ray examination revealed a wide range of radiological symptoms by means of which the final diagnosis could be made. Cystis folicularis, despite great similarity of changes, clearly differed on X-ray pictures from the overgrowth of shank bone tissue caused by osteoblastic stimulation of bone tissue injury background. The third case showed typical radiological symptoms of the inflammatory state (ostitis), infection background, as well as a possibility of differential diagnosis.
The well preserved material of the Late Cretaceous dromaeosaurid, Velociraptor mongoliensis, has allowed us to supplement earlier descriptions of the skull in this species. The skull of V. mongoliensis is similar to that of Deinonychus antirrhopus, but differs from the latter by: (1) laterally convex supratemporal arcade resulting in short, rounded supratemporal fenestra; (2) depressed nasal; (3) longer maxillary process of premaxilla; (4) lack of separate prefrontal, and (5) convex ventral border of the dentary. These differences, especially that in the structure of the temporal region, support generic distinction of Deinonychus and Velociraptor. Skulls of other dromaeosaurids are compared.
Mandible fractures in animals result mainly from traffic accidents, falling and biting by other animals. This paper presents clinical management of mandible fractures in animals. The most common methods of mandible fracture fixation with the use of interdental wire, intramedullary nails, bone plates and acrylic devices have been reviewed. In conclusion, methodological approach to mandible fracture fixation depends on the size of the bone defect as well as technical possibilities and the surgeon’s experience. The major condition of recovery is obtaining the mandible bone stabilisation and proper occlusion. The postoperative treatment is also very important: one should consider whether the muzzle, oropharyngeal tube etc. should be used. In order to prevent further complications, appropriate antibioticotherapy and regular hygiene of oral cavity should be applied.
We review the fossil record of Asian albanerpetontids. The three dentaries previously attributed to the two species of Nukusurus Nessov, 1981 (lower Cenomanian and Coniacian, Uzbekistan) are from albanerpetontids, but none are distinctive below the familial level. We thus designate the names Nukusurus, N. insuetus Nessov, 1981, and N. sodalis Nessov, 1997 as nomina dubia within the Albanerpetontidae. Two dentaries (lower Cenomanian, Uzbekistan) described herein for the first time supplement the known record of Asian albanerpetontids. The holotype atlas and only specimen of the supposed albanerpetontid Bishara backa Nessov, 1997 (upper Santonian-?Campanian, Kazakhstan) is shown to be from a salamander, not an albanerpetontid. Our study recognizes Albanerpeton (Cretaceous-Miocene, North America and Europe) and Celtedens (Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous, Europe) as the only valid albanerpetontid genera. Limited evidence favors one or more dispersals from Europe or Norttr America to Asia in the medial Cretaceous as the major biogeographic event in the history of Asian albanerpetontids.
A small collection of ?Aptianor ?Albian amphilestid ('triconodont') mammals consisting of incomplete dentaries and maxillae with teeth, from the Khoboor locality Guchin Us county in Mongolia, is described. Guchinodon Trofimov, 1978 is regarded a junior subjective synonym of Gobiconodon Trofimov, 1978. Heavier wear of the molariforms M3 and M4 than of the more anterior one-M2 in Gobiconodon borissiaki gives indirect evidence for molariform replacement in this taxon. The interlocking mechanism between lower molariforms in Gobiconodon is of the pattern seen in Kuehneotherium and Tinodon. The interlocking mechanism and the type of occlusion ally Amphilestidae with Kuehneotheriidae, from which they differ in having lower molariforms with main cusps aligned and the dentary-squamosal jaw joint (double jaw joint in Kuehneotheriidae). The main cusps in upper molariforms M3-M5 of Gobiconodon, however, show incipient triangular arrangement. The paper gives some support to Mills' idea on the therian affinities of the Amphilestidae, although it cannot be excluded that the characters that unite the two groups developed in parallel. Because of scanty material and ambiguity, we assign the Amphilestidae to order incertae sedis.
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W pracy przedstawiono opis czaszki Ursus wenzensis Stach i porównano ją z czaszkami U. arctos L., U. (Thalarctos) maritimus Phipps i U. etruscus Cuv. Zbadano rozwój żuchw i ich uzębienia u osobników młodocianych i porównano je z żuchwami osobników dorosłych i ich uzębieniem. Przeanalizowano uzębienie U. wenzensis Stach i U. boeckhi Schlosser i porównano je z uzębieniem innych niedźwiedzi kopalnych (U. ruscinensis Deperet, U. arvernensis Cr. & J., U. etruscus Cuv., U. (Plionarctos) stehlini Kretzoi) oraz współczesnych (U. (Helarctos) malayanus Raffles i in.). W rezultacie tych badań autor doszedł do wniosku, że U. boeckhi Schlosser i U. ruscinensis Depéret są najpierwotniejszymi przedstawicielami plioceńskich niedźwiedzi rodzaju Ursus. Pochodzą one przypuszczalnie od wspólnego przodka, którym prawdopodobnie był Ursavus brevirhinus Hofmann, wykazują jednak różne kierunki zmienności, mimo że znajdują się na jednakowym szczeblu ewolucyjnym. Potomkiem U. boeckhi Schlosser jest przypuszczalnie U. wenzensis Stach, który spośród niedźwiedzi współczesnych pod względem uzębienia nawiązuje najbardziej do U. (Helarctos) malayanus Raffles. U. wenzensis Stach znajduje się na tym samym szczeblu ewolucyjnym, co U. etruscus Cuv. czy U. arvernensis Cr. & J., lecz gatunki te realizują inne kierunki rozwojowe.
Lingualy displaced mandibular canines, resulting in the change of vestibular axial inclination into one parallel to the sagittal plane, occur relatively seldom among malocclusions. This sort of displacement is qualified - beside isolated rotations as well as frontal or lateral cross-bites - as a class I malocclusion and is susceptible to treatment provided the etiology is not a hereditary one. There are off-genetic factors leading to malocclusion, such as persistent deciduous canine, trauma coinciding with tooth-eruption, narrowing of the mandible or its underdevelopment in a transversal dimension and vestibular displacement of the erupting upper canine. The described ectopy leads to a mechanic leisure of gingival and palatal tissues. Protection of the dog against those side effects calls for either interceptive or regular treatment based on gingivoplasty, orthodontic therapy, shortening of the canine crown and - in extreme cases - extraction of causal teeth.
Polska leży w granicznym obszarze bytowania losia w Europie Środkowej. Jest to teren podmokły z rozległymi dolinami rzecznymi o małym uprzemysłowieniu i małym skażeniu emisjami przemysłowymi. Łosie bytujące na tym terenie stanowią dobry materiał do badań nad zależnością jaka istnieje pomiędzy wiekiem osobniczym a kumulacją fluoru w kości. Zależność powyższą w analizie regresji najlepiej opisuje model iloczynowy y = axb, gdzie x jest zmienną niezależną ( wiek), a y jest zmienną zależną (zawartość fluoru).
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