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In this paper we present the first identification of the Tomato clack ring virus isolated from zucchini with mosaic and deformation of leaves in Poland. Immunosorbent electron microscopy, ELISA test and IC-RT-PCR confirmed the identification of TBRV. RNA extracted from purified virus (size about 7.4 kb and 4.6 kb) was characteristic to this virus.
Zucchini is a very valuable vegetable, easy to grow both in the field and under covers but it is often attacked by soil-borne fungi. The investigations were carried out in a farm near Lublin where three zucchini cultivars: Astra, Atena and Soraya, were grown in a tunnel and in the field in 2008-2009. Plants with stem and root rot were collected for laboratory tests. Mycological analysis showed that the predominant fungi were F. culmorum, F. equiseti and F. oxysporum. More Fusarium colonies were isolated from the roots of zucchini grown in the tunnel. In the pathogenicity test, all tested isolates of F. culmorum, F. equiseti and F. oxysporum proved to be pathogenic to zucchini seedlings, causing stunting, stem and root rot. The highest disease index was noticed in the combination with F. culmorum isolate fck61.
This study examined the effects of cytokinins and methyl jasmonate (JAMe) alone and in combination on the growth and flavonol content of zucchini cotyledons cultured in the presence or absence of Cu2+. During greening of cotyledons in intensive diurnal illumination, rutin was identified as the main flavonol compound. Its accumulation was greatly stimulated by phenylurea cytokinin (4PU-30) but reduced by Cu2+. Stimulation by benzylaminopurine (BA) was less. JAMe showed an inhibitory effect, alone and with simultaneous addition of Cu2+ or cytokinins. In moderate excess (100 μM and 250 μM CuSO4), Cu2+ enhanced stimulation by 4PU-30 of rutin accumulation; at a higher concentration or with other substances it decreased the rutin level. The other flavonol detected, kaempferol-3-rhamnoside, increased after JAMe or 4PU-30 were added; in the other cases it decreased. The data obtained indicate that cytokinins can increase rutin content in developing Cucurbita cotyledons. Rutin content usually decreased under stress induced by excess Cu2+, but Cu2+ in moderate excess had a stimulating effect in the presence of higher phenylurea cytokinin levels
Over the three-year pot experiment the investigations were made on nickel influence on yielding and mineral composition (K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe and Ni content) of lettuce and spinach leaves as well as zucchini and bean fruits. The experiment was differentiated regarding nickel content (NiSO₄·7H₂O) introducing: 0 (control); 10; 40 and 60 mg Ni·kg⁻¹ sand, at the same time considering various nutritive requirements of the plant species studied. The obtained results indicate that even the lowest nickel dose applied (10 mg Ni·kg⁻¹ substrate) has caused a significant decrease of yield of the usable parts of lettuce, spinach, zucchini and bean. Further increase of nickel content in the substrate (40–60 mg Ni·kg⁻¹) resulted in more intensive yield drop of lettuce and spinach leaves. Under such conditions due to improper generative development, no generative yield of zucchini and bean was obtained. Nickel at amount 10 mg Ni·kg⁻¹ substrate affected the significant growth of potassium concentration in the leaves of lettuce, phosphorus in spinach leaves, while it decreased phosphorus and potassium concentration in the zucchini and bean fruits causing at the same time significant fall in magnesium content in zucchini fruits and increase in Mg concentration in bean pods. Nickel dose growth in the substrate has differentiated changes in the plant mineral composition to a greater extent. Nickel at amount 10 mg Ni·kg⁻¹ substrate influenced a significant iron growth in spinach leaves, zucchini fruits and bean pods, whereas it decreased Fe content in lettuce biomass. Increased nickel doses have reduced Fe concentration significantly in the usable organs of the vegetable species examined. Generally the growing nickel quantity in substrate affected the successive increase of this metal content in the usable organs of the vegetable species investigated.
The objective of this study was to show the possibilities for drought mitigation in vegetable plant growing on loose sandy soils in the region of Bydgoszcz with the use of drip irrigation system. Drip irrigation used under such the soil-climatic conditions was the basic vegetable yield-creating factor, securing stable yields of the vegetable crops tested in period 1991–1999 (carrot, red beet, snap bean, squash, zucchini). The results indicated the decisive role of water on the outcome of yield and quality of vegetables cultivated on a soil of limited water holding capacity. The experiments proved that vegetables production on sandy soils was only possible with the use of supplemental irrigation. Using the elaborated formulas it is possible to determine critical periods for individual vegetable species, optimal rainfall during these periods as well as expected increases of yields caused by drip irrigation covering rainfall deficits. According to the elaborated dependences, the approximated estimation of average needs of drip irrigation and average production effects of irrigation in particular rainfall regions is also possible.
Diversity of three isolates of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) was analyzed by the biological and genetic characterization. Two isolates were collected from zucchini plants and one from cucumber. The symptoms induced on most hosts were different. In addition, analysis of the coat protein (CP) and nuclear inclusion protein b (Nib) of the ZYMV genome revealed high level of nucleotide variability among the isolates. Comparison of the DNA sequences of 22 isolates from different geographical regions worldwide revealed that the Polish isolates belong to different groups and they do not form a monophyletic cluster with European isolates.
Dodatek sorbinianu potasu w ilości 18 i 36 mg/100 g produktu miał korzystny wpływ na sklad chemiczny i organoleptyczną jakość kiszonych owoców cukini.
Wirus żółtej mozaiki cukinii (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV) oraz mozaiki arbuza (Watermelon mosaic virus, WMV) są bardzo powszechne i należą obecnie do najgroźniejszych patogenów wirusowych roślin dyniowatych, powodujących duże straty ekonomiczne w uprawach cukinii. W latach 2003-2008 zebrano kilka izolatów ZYMV, różniących się między sobą zarówno biologicznie, jak i genetycznie. Porównywane przez nas izolaty porażały różny zakres roślin wskaźnikowych. Dodatkowo, przeprowadzając charakterystykę dwóch regionów genomu: białka płaszcza oraz białka Nib wykazano, że polskie izolaty należą do różnych grup filogenetycznych i nie tworzą jednej grupy z izolatami europejskimi. W roku 2008, w 15 roślinach cukinii z objawami mozaiki na liściach stwierdzono obecność WMV. Sekwencja nukleotydów polskiego izolatu WMV, w porównaniu z sekwencjami dostępnymi w Banku Genów, wykazała 98% podobieństwa z sekwencjami izolatów z Chin i z Korei i tylko 93% z izolatami z Francji i Pakistanu.
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