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Three different forms of sarcocysts from the zoo animals Pseudois nayaur, Capricomis crispus and Ovibos moschatus (Bovidae, Caprinae) were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy, in special consideration of the cyst wall. Two of these forms were not distinguishable from Sarcocystis capracanis or the pair of sibling species S. hircicanis/ arieticanis by their morphology. They were, therefore, designated as S. cf. capracanis (in Pseudois) and S. cf. hircicanis/arieticanis (in Pseudois, Capricornis and Ovibos) in this paper. The third form (from Capricornis) was not identifiable as one of the species hitherto known. Its cyst wall, provided with stumpy nail-like, in the outline T-shaped villar protrusions, could not be attributed to one of the types established by Dubey et al. (1989). It was, therefore, described as Sarcocystis capricornis sp. n. The Sarcocystis species described in Caprinae so far were discussed.
The aim of the study was to estimate the occurrence of Mycobacterium infections in psittacine birds kept in zoological gardens as well as in private aviaries in Poland based on the presence of acid-fast bacilli in the faeces of parrots. All samples taken were decontaminated with 5% oxalic acid. The material obtained was cultured onto L-J media and in BACTEC MGIT 960 system. Faecal smears on microscopic slides were stained with the Ziehl-Neelsen method. Altogether 546 faecal samples were examined: 121 (22.2%) from the parrots kept in private aviaries and 425 (78.8%) kept in zoos. The occurrence of Mycobacterium sp. in faecal samples was 13.9% (76/546). Seventy-three positive samples were demonstrated in zoos and three in private aviaries. The majority of Mycobacterium sp. identified was, however, of moderate pathogenicity for humans and animals. Among the isolated strains, the majority was Mycobacterium fortuitum (38 isolates). Mycobacterium avium was present in 16 samples. None isolate was found to be of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. In order to detect the presence of Mycobacterium genavense, the samples were cultured onto Middlebrook 7H11 with Mycobactin J medium and PCR was performed. In total, 326 samples were examined (65 from private aviaries). Although PCR confirmed the presence of Mycobacterim genavense in 31 samples, the results of cultures were negative.
Preliminary observations of the behaviour in two wild equids : Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) and Hartmann`s zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae) kept in socially changed groups at Warsaw Zoo Investigations were carried out at Warsaw Zoo to examine general behaviour in two wild equids after social changes. This changes were caused by management procedures. Three Hartmann`s zebra and four Przewalski horses were observed for 117 hours throughout the whole year. Three methods of sampling were used: ad libitum, scan and focal. Abnormal behaviour in these wild equids was not found. There were several significant differences in frequency of behaviour between Przewalski horse and Hartmann`s zebra . In both species coordination of behaviour also occured. Social interaction frequency was very low and gave little support for the speculation about social structures in these groups.
Monodontella giraffae Yorke et Maplestone, 1926 was collected from the biliary duct of liver of a dead giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis (Linnaeus) from the Tianjin Zoo, Tianjin, China. A redescription of this species was made using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The lateral alae and the detailed structures of the spicules and genital cone were observed for the first time by SEM. The taxonomic status of the genus is discussed.
The objective of the study was to assess the mortality risk of David’s deer associated with climatic conditions by the use of hazard function within clustered populations and according to place of birth. Additionally, the inbreeding level was examined within each cluster. Records were considered of 1192 individuals born in 56 zoological gardens in the years 1947-2000. Censored data (animals which were alive on December 31, 2000) were also included in the analysis. Average lifetime and percentage of dead individuals per zoo were used to determine two-dimensional Euclidean distances.The hazard rates were estimated within derived clusters of zoological gardens. The analysis was performed within sex groups for the following two data sets: all individuals (1), and animals dead In the first year of life (2). In the case of the latter, only three clusters were included. In general, the sizes of clusters appeared different (from two to eighteen zoos). From a geographical perspective these groups are heterogeneous. Generally, the shapes of hazard curves are similar with a clear increasing trend. The differences between groups reflect mainly an inconsistence of time points. The first peak of mortality appears at an early stage of life. The results clearly show the differences in mortality between males and females in all groups (for both sets − 1 and 2). Geographical region showed no significant effect on the survival of David’s deer. It is concluded that life span is determined more by the inbreeding level and zoo management conditions than by the climatic zone.
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