The aim of the review was to describe changes in some chemical components of milk during mastitis. Udder inflammation causes a decrease or increase in biologically active milk components, dependent on the clinical course of the inflammation and its etiological agents. Examinations performed over the last years have mainly focused on cytokines, acute phase proteins, eicosanoids, enzymes and caseinolysis products. The increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, GM-CSF, IL-8, and 11-12 has always been noted in acute forms of mastitis, and is related to an increase of IGF and TGFs, acute phase proteins and bacterial and leukocyte enzymes activity. In mild cases where inflammations are caused by Staph. aureus or Str. uberis, changes in cytokines or growth factors have occurred later and have been less intense. A decrease of casein, lactoalbumin-α, lactoglobulin-p, and vitamins E and C, and triiodothyronine in mastitic milk have also been stated. The increase in NAGase, LDH, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin can indicate both the beginning and intensiveness of the inflammatory process in the mammary gland. Antibacterial components of milk: lactoferrin, lysozyme and lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide systems do not inhibit bacteria in the inflamed secretion. However, they can indicate the false-positive results of screening tests for antibiotic residues in milk. Somatic cells, bacterial proteases and lipases together with endogenous enzyme plasma hydrolyze casein, gelatin, collagen, hemoglobin, and lactoferrin and secretor cell proteins. The decrease of α-casein, β-casein and lipids and increase of k-casein, protease-peptones and free fatty acids is due to the effect of the inflammatory enzyme’s activity. Independently of bacterial toxins, the presence in fresh milk of higher concentrations of TNF- α and other cytokines, PGF2-α, IGF, BSA, histamine, bradykinin, thiocyanate or lower concentrations of β-casein, lactoalbumin-α, lactoglobulin-p, vitamins E and C or triiodothyronine, that are connected with mastitis can be potentially detrimental both for the health of calves and, above all, for humans.
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