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Air protection technologies generate massive amounts of solid wastes, including fly ash (FA). Zeolite synthesis from FA seems to be an effective method for FA utilization. In addition, fly ash zeolites (FAZs) could be used for sulfur dioxide (SO2) adsorption. Since there is a lack of sufficient information about SO2 uptake on FAZs, we investigated this phenomenon in detail. Two commercially available zeolites, 3A and SM-27, and two FAZs, one manufactured by the authors and the other obtained from Kimura Chemical Plants, were used for SO2 adsorption tests. Our experiments confirmed that FAZs could be efficient SO2 adsorbents. Observed SO2–zero emission periods varied from 2-3 min for non-activated zeolites to 7-15 min for their thermally activated counterparts. The thermal activation of FAZs increased 2-3 times their SO2 adsorption capacity, resulting in up to 38 mg of SO2/g of zeolitic material.
Degradation of polyethylene was performed over MCM-41 molecular sieves modified with heteropoly acid H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ (HPW) and its caesium salt CsHPW₁₂O₄₀ (CsHPW). High silica zeolite ZSM-5 has also been used as degradation catalyst. The applied catalysts (HPW/MCM-41, CsHPW/MCM-41 and ZSM-5 zeolite) resulted in lowering of temperature of HDPE degradation when compared to the thermal pyrolysis as well as influenced the distribution of the products formed as a result of the cracking process. HPW/ MCM-41 use resulted in low amount of gas products and almost 80 wt.% of liquids while cracking over HZSM-5 produced gas hydrocarbons with selectivity about 50 wt.%. Liquid product obtained in the presence of HPW/MCM-41 comprised aliphatic hydrocarbons (olefins and paraffins) while cracking carried out over ZSM-5 zeolite resulted mainly in the formation of aromatic compounds.
In order to immobilize heavy metals, sorbents that meet the following three criteria can be used: 1) they are non-toxic 2) they cannot make the physicochemical properties of soil worse, and even improve them 3) they have an immobilizing and specific impact on heavy metals. This study compares the influence of mineral and organic sorbents, as well as the presence of selenates (VI), on limiting lead toxicity in a soil. The investigations have also focused on evaluating the effects of these sorbents on select physicochemical and chemical properties of studied soil material collected during the two- year strict pot experiment. Achieved results indicate greater affinity of lead to mineral rather than organic sorbents, although it has depended on zealot and humic acid rates, as well as on physicochemical properties such as soil acidity or soil sorption capacity. Sodium selenate (VI) affected the mobilization of Pb' ions in the pot experiment and the effect was probably associated with subsoil pH changes and excessive doses of the sorbent used in the experiments. The study also has aimed at evaluating soil conditions, under which cadmium toxicity appears, as well as at presenting the possibilities of reducing their activities through the use of unconventional immobilizing agents such as zeolites, humic acids, and selenates (VI). The immobilization of Cd2 ions has been affected both by zeolites and humic acids, but only when applied at lower rates. The influences of cadmium mobilization and immobilization on changes in Cd:Zn and Fe:Mn ratios in soil also have been indicated. Clinoptilolit has appeared to be a promising binding agent for immobilizing the cadmium ions. Applying the selenium compounds has given hope as well, because the element is more often considered as required for living. However, the selenium action mechanism is complicated and not uniform, which needs to be further examined.
In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of zeolite and bentonite on the ammonium adsorption at different temperatures. In this research three trial groups with 3 repetitions were created for three different water temperatures (18±0.1°C, 24±0.0°C, 27±0.0°C). Experimental groups were prepared by adding NH4 + amount of 10.5 mg/l in 2 liters of water. After that, zeolite, zeolite+bentonite and bentonite were added into the bottles as 10 gram per liter. Water temperature, pH and TAN (Total Ammonium Nitrogen) values were determined during the trial period. At the end of trial TAN values at 27 °C were recorded as 10.103±0.11 mg/l, 9.227±0.13 mg/l and 7.933±0.17 mg/l in zeolite, zeolite+bentonite and bentonite groups, respectively. At the end of trial TAN values at 24 °C were recorded as 10.027±0.17 mg/l, 9.282±0.15 mg/l and 8.336±0.15 mg/l in zeolite, zeolite+bentonite and bentonite groups, respectively. At the end of trial TAN values at 18 °C were recorded as 9.012±0.28 mg/l, 7.702±0.14 mg/l and 6.594±0.14 mg/l in zeolite, zeolite+bentonite and bentonite groups, respectively. Maximum ammonium removal capacity, qe, was found to be 0.50 mg/g in the bentonite (18 °C). The TAN values determined at 18 °C were statistically more significant (p<0.05) than the TAN values obtained at 24 °C and 27 °C.
Decontamination efficiency of zeolite and alginate in reducing the radiostrontium transfer to tissues and organs of rats after repeated administration was evaluated. In the group fed the alginate-enriched chow, the ⁹⁰Sr were significantly lower that those recorded in the control animals during the entire study. The highest decontamination efficiency was recorded at third measurement time point. Generally, zeolite was less effective decontamination agent than alginate. Moreover, in some rat organs (kidneys, spleen and testes) the strontium-90 levels were even significantly higher than those in the control rats. So, presently alginate seems to be the most efficient decontamination agent in reducing the radiostrontium transfer to tissues and organs of rats.
A literature search shows that robust techniques are rarely used in the animal sciences. Traditionally,normal theory tests are used to determine whether there are significant differences among group means. However, normal theory tests are optimal only if the distribution of error terms is normal and in practice, non-normal distributions are more prevalent. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to present robust tests based on modified maximum likelihood (MML) estimators for testing the equality of the group means. A real data set about the effect of zeolite and initial weight on feedlot performance of Brown Swiss cattle is the subject of the study. Results showed that the test statistics presented in this study are more powerful than the traditional normal-theory tests. They are also more robust against departures from assumed distribution and outliers.
A method for the synthesis of NaP1-type zeolite and analcime from Polish fly ash derived from hard coal combustion in pulverized-fuel boilers is applied in this paper. The zeolite synthesis was performed from Opole Power Plant fly ash (Elektrownia Opole S. A.), which were activated with aq 3.6% Na₂O (1.16 M NaOH) solution within 80 to 320°C. The NaP1-type zeolite and analcime crystallize at 120°C. As the synthesis temperature increases, the NaP1-type zeolite content rises, and for temperatures of 200 to 320°C the analcime share in the synthesis products becomes significant. The synthesizing capability of zeolites from fly ash has a positive impact on utilization of wastes coming from solid fuel combustion by converting the fly ash into valuable raw material and, simultaneously, accomplishing the lithosphere protection effect.
Influence of electromagnetic treatment of the mineral filler on properties of the adhesive compositions for plywood production. The influence of pre-activation of natural mineral filler zeolite (clinoptilolite) in the electromagnetic microwave field (EMF) and in a weak pulsed magnetic field (IMP) on the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of adhesive compositions were investigated. The differences in the mechanisms of exposure of EMF and IMP on mineral filler in adhesive composition were identified. Decrease of free formaldehyde content from cured adhesive composition is 23 %. Increase of acidity and reduction of gel time were determined. Addition of clinoptilolite into the adhesive composition increases the strength of the adhesive layer: at untreated sample by 6 %, treated in a weak IMP by 14 % and activated in EMF by 23 %.
Some trace elements, for example zinc, play both a positive and a negative role in plant life, which requires their content in soil. If soil is excessively contaminated with zinc, an attempt should be made to reduce the negative effect of this element on plants and other living organisms. For this reason, a study was undertaken to determine whether it was possible to alleviate the effect of soil zinc contamination (0, 150, 300 and 600 mg Zn kg-1 of soil) on the yield and macronutrient content of yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.). Compost (3%), bentonite (2%) and zeolite (2% relative to soil mass) were used to reduce the effect of soil zinc contamination. Macro- and micronutrients were applied to the soil in the same amounts in all pots: 30 mg N, 30 mg P, 100 mg K, 50 mg Mg, 0.33 mg B, 5 mg Mn and 5 mg Mo per kg soil. Yellow lupine was harvested in the flowering phase and plant material samples were collected for laboratory tests. The induced soil zinc contamination reduced yellow lupine growth and development because a dose of 300 mg Zn kg-1 soil caused plant seedlings to wither. Compost and bentonite reduced the negative influence of soil zinc contamination on yellow lupine yield, especially on aerial parts. The most demonstrable effect of zinc on the macronutrient content of lupine plants was recorded for magnesium and calcium, whose content increased compared to the control in both the aerial parts and roots of yellow lupine. Among the neutralizing substances, the effect of zeolite on the phosphorus, magnesium and calcium content and bentonite on the sodium content in the plants was the most beneficial.
The aim of this study was to determine sorption capacity of five zeolite types with reference to copper and cadmium as well as to investigate pH impact on this process. Moreover, the study determined selectiveness of binding and mobilisations by the analysed zeolites as related to the environmental pH changes.
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