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Studies were conduced to test the effects of various cytokinins on somatic embryogenesis from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) immature cotyledons. Zeatin (13.7 µmol) added, to B5 basal medium, supplemented with 1.5 % sucrose and 0.2 µmol indole-3-acetic acid, was the most effective cytokinin. Lobular structures obtained from cotyledons cultures were transferred to B5 basal medium supplemented with gibberellic acid and indole-3-butyric acid at different concentrations. The most effective treatment was B5 medium containing 14.4 µmol gibberellic acid plus 1.0 µmol indole-3-butyric acid in which 42.8 % of lobular structures cultured formed normal somatic embryos. High conversion of embryos into plantlets (61.0–65.2 % embryos regenerated plants) was observed when germinated embryos were placed on plant development medium.
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is sensitive to drought and salinity, while an ancestral legume, tepary bean (P. acutifolius A. Gray) is cultivated successfully where high temperature and drought are common (Lazcano-Ferrat and Lovatt, 1999). Hence, P. acutifolius is a potential source of stress tolerant traits for P. vulgaris through interspecific hybrids. This study comparatively evaluated the effects of salt stress on leaf relative water content (RWC), soluble protein, the phytohormones indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), zeatin, and abscisic acid (ABA) levels in P. vulgaris and P. acutifolius. With the exception of ABA, stress-induced changes in hormonal levels putatively related to stress tolerance have not been investigated previously in either species. Treatment with 50 mM, 100 mM and 150 mM NaCl reduced relative water and protein content in P. vulgaris, but did not affect relative water content and increased protein content in P. acutifolius. Varietal differences between P. vulgaris and P. acutifolius were also observed in hormonal content during the stress period. ABA levels in salt-treated plants of P. vulgaris increased but did not change in P. acutifolius versus the controls. Both IAA and gibberellin levels increased in leaves of P. acutifolius but decreased in P. vulgaris under salt stress. In salt-treated plants, zeatin concentrations in leaves of P. vulgaris decreased within 24-72 h after treatment. However, P. acutifolius responded to all tested NaCl levels by increasing zeatin concentrations after short-term NaCl treatment.
The levels of three endogenous cytokinin equivalents: zeatin (Z), iso-pentenyladenine (iP) and dihydrozeatin (dZ) in two Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh genotypes - wild type (wt) and ethylene-insensitive mutant (eti5), were compared using enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Cytokinin content was measured after exposure to low (4 °C for 24 h in darkness) or high temperature (38 °C for 24 h in darkness). Measurements were performed immediately and 24, 48 and 120 h after treatments. It was found that at normal growth conditions eti5 plants contained more endogenous cytokinins compared to the wild type. At both temperature treatments mutant plants had decreased total cytokinin levels. Wild-type plants treated with high temperature (HT) exhibited reduced total cytokinins (with the exception of rates at 48 h), while low temperature (LT) treatment resulted in elevated total amount of the studied equivalents (except at 24 h). The obtained results suggested that HT had greater effect on cytokinin levels than LT since it caused more profound changes in the total content. We assume that this was due to the natural chilling tolerance of Arabidopsis plants.
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