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The occurrence of stereotypies in animals is primarily related to (i) internal states induced by the captive environment or other external stimuli that continuously trigger or motivate specific behaviours, (ii) situations in which the environment causes a state of chronic stress that influences the path from the cortex to the basal ganglia promoting and sequencing a behaviour that results in a lack of proper inhibition and (iii) an experience in early ontogeny that influenced the development of the central nervous system, causing inappropriate sequencing and a lack of inhibition with effects visible even in adult life. Such features of stereotypic behaviour as its repetitiveness, a gradual loss of variability and increasing predictability might be related to positively reinforcing opioid effect, environment predictability or synaptic priming. Consequences of stereotypies are various and depend on their causes and the types of stereotypic movements. They might influence the physical state of the animal, handicapping its social interactions, but also decrease anxiety and ability to react to external stimuli. Stereotypies and their consequences are strictly related with other welfare indicators and are unequivocally treated as a symptom of abnormality.
Stereotypic behavior is treated as an essential indicator of animals’ welfare. The occurrence of this behavior stems from the dissonance between the conditions in which they are kept and those preferred by the animals and fulfilling their biological needs. The contemporary studies concerning this behavior involve both definitions and classifications of basic concepts associated with these types of disorders. The majority of those definitions characterizes stereotypic behaviors as being invariant, repetitive and with no obvious goal or function. The criteria are often equivocal or their meaning imprecise. The variety of forms and types of this behavior indicates that different types of stereotypes are the result of different disturbances in interactions between an animal and its environment. Difficulties to classify the types of stereotypical behaviors are the result of the equivocality of the criteria, thus one form can often be classified to many types. Some among the few classifications focus more on the frequency and intensity of symptoms, others on causes. Here we present a review of various definitions with the criteria being used to describe this abnormal behavior.
Fur animals kept indoors, due to partial limitation of their natural behavior, are more likely to develop behavioral disorders. This is due to negative emotions associated with inability to satisfy certain needs or achieve a particular purpose, which leads to frustration or deprivation in animals. This condition can lead to the emergence of compulsive behaviors, which are often a form of coping with stress. Compulsive behaviors in fur animals are usually stereotypical: animals walk along the cage, catch their own tail, gnaw fur (trichotilomanie), or bite the trellis or the claws. The environmental factors resulting from the maintenance conditions and social relations of the animals in the group play an important role in the emergence of this type of behavior. Another factor that is equally important in causing compulsive behavior is mental strain resulting from disease.
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