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In the introduction of the paper essential physiologic factors to sustain the gestation in sows were presented as well as the mechanism of parturition. It was added that every deviation of this situation may lead to the interruption of gestation and death of the embryos or fetuses, respectively. The main topic of this review of literature are viral infections during gestation of the sows being the most often occurring causes of reproductive failure in swine. In connection with this kind of etiology the pathogenicity of the essential viral species was characterized in causing: embryonic or fetal death, return to estrus, abortion, early or late farrowing, birth of mummies, weak and stillborn piglets. Two ways of reaching the embryo or fetus were indicated, causing: the indirect reproductive failure or the direct reproductive failure. In the first case the main reason is a general viral infection, for example swine influenza. In the second possibility the viral agent has an affinity to the reproductive tract and embryos or fetuses. The following viruses causing directly reproductive problems were mentioned, being: PRRSV, CSFV, PEV, EMCV, PCV2 and ADV, with indication of the highest importance of PRRSV, PCV2 and PPV. Clinical symptoms, reproductive manifestation, fetal pathological changes and diagnostic tests in relation to the discussed viral diseases of reproduction in swine were presented.
The aim of the study was to present clinical observations regarding the reposition of uterine torsion in pregnant mares. Treatments were performed in 10 mares hospitalized with a diagnosis of uterine torsion in the period from the 8th to the 11th month of pregnancy, including one mare treated during delivery. In 4 mares, obstetric examination revealed the presence of dead fetuses. In one mare admitted during labor, Kamer’s repositioning technique was applied by inserting a hand through the vagina into the uterus. In all other cases, mares underwent surgical repositioning after laparotomy performed in linea alba. In 4 mares, in which the uterine wall was at risk of rupture during handling because of advanced changes, a caesarean section was performed before repositioning. Eight out of the 9 mares survived treatment and recovered without complications. One of five mares in which live fetuses were left, miscarried, while the other four delivered healthy foals. Uterine torsion reposition by midline laparotomy offers the best possibilities for inspecting the abdominal cavity, including the uterus, and for detecting any other abnormalities of the digestive system. In the case of mares in which fetuses were left, spontaneous delivery had no adverse effect on the healing of the wound.
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