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The reliability of the estimation of residency time of the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780) and the yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis (Melchior, 1834) in open populations was assessed by halving the 6-week intervals between trapping sessions. The status of "single-capture" individuals was identified to estimate the probability that they are native young rather than adult invaders. We found that the majority of "single-session" individuals constituted true transients that were present in the study plot for a short time only. They were young, immature rodents with a small body mass and a small number of captures. The probability that the "single-session" individuals stay on the plot for a longer time was 0.35 and 0.37 for voles and mice, respectively. These ostensible transients were trap-prone, fully-grown, mature adults, that revealed their presence on the plot already at the beginning of each trapping session. We found that "single-capture" individuals were mainly young, immature rodents that were not retrapped. The probability that the single-capture rodents are mature individuals, with a longer residency time, was 0.10 and 0.18 for voles and mice, respectively.
Multiple paternity has been described in a wide range of taxonomic groups (eg invertebrates, fish, reptiles, birds, mammals). In rodents, multiple paternity seems to be common and can lead to both genetic (eg increase in offspring diversity, avoiding inbreeding) and direct (eg higher survival rate of the litter) benefits. The primary aim of this study was to confirm multiple paternity and evaluate its frequency in a wild population of yellow-necked mouseApodemus flavicollis (Melchior, 1834). Animals were trapped in north-eastern Poland in 2004–2006. Five microsatellite loci previously described for members of the genusApodemus were used to examine the occurrence of multiple paternity among the offspring of 10 pregnant females. The analyses were performed using multiplex PCR, estimating the length of amplified fragments with an automated sequencer. The presence of additional alleles indicating multiple paternity was found in 30% (3 out of 10) of the investigated litters. Offspring fathered by a single male were predominant in each litter, with the proportion of individuals originating from other males varying from 16.7 to 20% in the three multiple paternity cases. Our findings indicate that the promiscuous mating system may be considered as an alternative breeding strategy in the yellow-necked mouse.
An unique observation was made when an adult yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis (Melchior, 1834) attacked a dead bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780).
Roads and highways represent one of the most important anthropogenic impacts on natural areas and contribute to habitat fragmentation, because they are linear features that can inhibit animal movement, thereby causing barrier effects subdividing the populations adjacent to the roads. The paper examines to what extent a narrow (2-lane) and a wide (4-lane) highways represent barriers for two small mammal species: bank volesClethrionomys glareolus Schreber, 1780 and yellow-necked miceApodemus flavicollis Melchior, 1834, and whether displaced rodents are able to return across roads of different widths. The study was performed at four sites in the Czech Republic. The capture-mark-recapture method was used to determine crossing rates. At two sites, the animals captured close to the road were transferred to the other side and released, to compare return movements across the roads with the movements made by the non-transferred animals. We found that the narrow highway did not prevent movement of neither of the species, although voles crossed only after they had been transferred. Wide highways, on the other hand, completely prevened crossing of both species. While the narrow highways acted at individuals level, the wide highways affected the population subvision.
Reduced connectivity among local populations inhabiting a spatially heterogeneous landscape may restrict gene flow and thus contribute to diminished genetic variation within a population. The aim of this study was to determine the role of geographic distance and habitat barriers in developing genetic structure of a yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis (Melchior, 1834) population, taking into consideration the spatial organization of the landscape. A field study was carried out in two plots located in NE Poland that differed considerably in terms of the scale of habitat fragmentation: (1) a continuous forest complex, and (2) a mosaic of smaller forest habitats. The plots were separated by a water barrier comprised of a chain of lakes. DNA samples from a total of 654 individuals were examined by microsatellite analysis (5 loci). The results showed that the yellow-necked mouse population was characterized by a poorly pronounced genetic structure throughout the study area, although the statistical significance of F ST for most location pairs indicated that gene flow in the area was not free. The division of the mouse population into three genetically distinct groups clearly demonstrated the significant role of water bodies as a natural barrier effectively hindering free movement of animals and thus gene flow. Analysis of the genetic structure of the mouse population throughout the study area and also within the distinguished groups indicated that the entire study population may be considered as a single metapopulation. Our results suggest that geographic distance alone is not the predominant factor affecting the genetic structure of population, but in the mosaic landscape the relative isolation of individual forest fragments, and barriers hindering movements of individuals and limiting gene flow among local populations played a much more important role.
The occupancy of Muscardinus auellanarius (Linnaeus, 1758) nest boxes by Apo­demus flauicollis (Melchior, 1834) and A. sylvaticus (Linnaeus, 1758) was studied over a six-year period from five sites in southern Britain. A. flauicollis was a regular visitor to nest boxes, occupying them more frequently than A, sylvalicus or any other small mammal. Litters of A. flauicollis were uncommon in nest boxes suggesting these boxes were rarely used for breeding. It seems likely that nest boxes form temporary nesting places for individuals, pairs or small communal groups. A. flauicollis sometimes take over nest hoxes occupied by M. avellanarius, usually constructing their own nests and sometimes removing old nest material. M. avellanarius may avoid nest boxes occupied by A. flauicollis earlier in the same year. Boxes favoured by M. auellanarius in one year tended to be reselected by them in the following year, but no such trend was apparent in box selection by A. flauicollis. Overall, there was little evidence to suggest that the presence of A. flauicollis had a significant impact on M. avellanarius occupancy of nest boxes.
Population dynamics and spatial behaviour of the vole Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780) and the yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis (Melchior, 1834) were studied for 7 years in woodland of Kampinos National Park, Poland. Mice were more mobile and less site-tenacious than voles. Annual peaks ranged from 9 to 104 voles and from 4 to 62 mice per ha. The highest densities of both species were preceded by winter breeding. The greatest movement range and the longest distance moved were observed in the years of low density, whereas in the high density year both species were least mobile and most site-tenacious. Intensive movements in the low density years led to early maturation, high turnover rates, and probably increased mortality. Low mobility and high site tenacity in the high density year enhanced population growth and suppressed maturation. Increasing density and cessation of breeding accounted for declining juvenile recruitment. Differences in movement pat­terns between years of low and high density were coupled with differences in the autumn age structure and winter mortality of both species.
Protein polymorphism in 767 yellow-necked mice Apodemus flavicollis fMelchior, 1834), was studied in spring and autumn during five years in the Białowieża National Park, Eastern Poland. Two peaks and two declines of population number were ob­served, and population density varied from 3 to 63 inds/ha. Twenty three loci of proteins were studied, 4 of them were polymorphic; and mean heterozygosity of the studied population was H = 0.057, The greatest variability was observed in the transferrin locus and 4 alleles (7>/a, Trfb, Trfc, and Trfd) were described. The fre­quency of the Trf" allele and Trf /Trf" homozygotes was negatively correlated with population density in autumn, whereas the frequency of the Trfc allele and TrfaITrfc heterozygotes was positively correlated with population density in autumn. The fre­quency of heterozygotes was higher than the frequency of homozygotes during each spring. Significant excess of Trf"/Trfc heterozygotes, compared to the values expected from the Hardy-Weinberg ratio, was observed in autumn 1983 and spring 1984, 1986, and 1987. Natural selection may be an important force in maintenance of the trans­ferrin polymorphism in A. flavicollis. It is suggested that heterozygotes survive better than homozygotes during winter and at high population densities. It is also supposed that non-selective forces influence on the Trf allele frequency changes in the studied population of A. flavicollis.
During this study, 94 specimens (51 males, 43 females) of the wood mouseApodemus sylvaticus (Linnaeus, 1758), the yellow-necked mouseA. flavicollis (Melchior, 1834) and the western broad-toothed mouseA. epimelas (Nehring, 1902) from 20 localities of Greece were karyologically examined. The first two species were found to be widely distributed and their otherwise very similar karyotype (2n=48, FN=48) could be clearly distinguished, based on C-banding pattern. The third species appeared to have a more limited geographical distribution and its karyotype was distinguished from that of the previous two species, since it contained two pairs of small metacentric autosomes (2n=48, FN=52). The chromosomal study further revealed that nine individuals ofA. flavicollis possessed supernumerary B chromosomes (2n=49–50, FN=49–50). Meiotic chromosome preparations revealed that in contrast to sex chromosomes and autosomes, B chromosomes do not participate in bivalent formation. On the other hand, no supernumerary chromosomes were found in the studiedA. sylvaticus andA. epimelas material.
Using long-term data on two forest rodent species [the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780) and the yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis (Melchior, 1834)] from the Białowieża Primeval Forest (E Poland), we decompose the annual density-dependent and density-independent structures into their seasonal components. For this purpose we adopt a state-space modelling approach explicitly incorporating sampling stochasticity. As density-independent factors we use the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) - a proxy variable for the overall climatic condition - and data on annual seed production. We find a weak effect of the NAO in the annual models for both species as well as during the winter in the seasonal model for C. glareolus. The effect of the NAO disappears, however, when seed-crops are incorporated into the models (for both the annual and the seasonal - suggesting that NAO primarily affects seed production). Seed production enters the models with a positive effect during the winter only, suggesting that the among-year variation in rodent density is primarily accounted for by differences in seed-production, particularly oak seeds. For A. flavicollis, a slightly positive effect of hornbeam also appears in the summer dynamics. The obtained results are discussed on the basis of earlier studies on the same populations, on the same species studied elsewhere as well as on the basis of general ecological insight.
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