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The objective of the work was to establish in dogs the effects of propofol anaesthesia without premedication in a single dose and in continuous infusion on blood gas exchange and on haematological parameters. Propofol injected in a single dose of 6.5 mg/kg bw evokes a general anaesthesia lasting for about 5 min. Propofol used continuously at a dose of about 0.5 mg/kg bw/min. enables to obtain a general anaesthesia easy to control in depth and time. In the anaesthesia after a continuous infusion of propofol a transient respiratory acidosis and a decrease of blood oxygenation appears. Moreover, a short-lived statistically significant increase of pulmonary shunt develops.
The paper presents observations collected from 7 horses during general anaesthesia with controlled ventilation (CV) used for surgical procedures (laparotomy, correction of long bone fractures). After the horses had been restrained (guiphenesin 0.1 g/kg b.w.), spontaneous ventilation was eliminated by the use of muscle relaxant (pancuronium 0.1 mg/kg b.w.) and replaced by CV (IPPV = 25-35 cm H2O f = 13, Vmin = 52 1/min, I/E = 2:3) realized by the „bag in bix” respirator. General anesthesia was maintained using an inhalation technique for an average of 110 min. using 2 vol% halothane with oxygen administered in a quantity of 2.5-3.5 1/min. Artificial ventilation maintaining breathing higher than natural (values Vt and V min) protected the horses from metabolic disturbances. The anesthesia performed with an anaesthetic-respiratory apparatus made in our department according to the conception of the author was characterized by a complication free course with a preferably rapid induction and a fast recovery. The variant of anaesthetization with mechanical respirators should be applied for long-lasting operations where full relaxation and no motion is required. This type of procedure gives better conditions for work the abdominal cavity and orthopedic procedures.
Clinical, cardiovascular and respiratory effects of Bio- ketan-Biowet (ketamine 100 mg/ml) used alone and Bioketan supplemented by xylazine were compared in dogs. The duration of Bioketan (35 mg/kg, im) action was short, muscle tone and salivation were excessive and heart rate increased significantly. There was also psycho-motoral excitation during recovery time. These side effects were eliminated by a combination of xylazine-Bioketan (xylazine - 2.0 mg/kg, im and Bioketan - 20 mg/kg, im). With that composition the degree of muscle relaxation, level of sedation and analgesia were higher, stable surgical tolerance longer and tachycardia of a lower value than with Bioketan used separately. Parameters of ventilation and acid- -base balance were within physiological range all the time but the cardiac output (Ca-v02) decreased transiently and arterial blood pressure increased at the beginning of anaesthesia. A composition of Bioketan with xylazine thoroughly relaxed muscle action and allowing the reduction of the drug doses and therefore making anaesthesia infusion safer.
A mixture containing Xylazine (30 mg), Ketamine (150 mg), fentanyl (0.1 mg), and guaifenasin (5000 mg) in 100 ml of 5% glucose solution was infused intra venously in 7 healthy adult dogs. Anesthesia was induced with an initial dose (0.55 ml/kg) of the mixture administered rapidly as a bolus and then maintained by a constant infusion at a rate of 2 ml/kg/h. The induction was without excitation, the state of surgical tolerance was stable at the level 3/III, and after an average of 40 min afer the end of the infusion the dogs were able to stand up. There was noted bradycardia in the first period of anesthesia. This was connected with a decrease of cardiac output. At the same time the frequency of breaths and the minute ventilation volume decreased causing a temporary respiratory acidosis. The dose of both Xylazine and Ketamine needed for performance of anesthesia was 5 times lower than the doses of these agents used separately in a traditional way. This composition, in the suggested concentrations and used as a drip facilitated control of the level and time of anesthesia, is an alternative to the simple and safe procedure of infusion anesthesia.
Halothane anesthesia was carried out on 6 horses for 120 min. At the first stage of the experiment, anesthesia was maintained with spontaneous ventilation (SV) that was eliminated by pancuronium at 60 min. and replaced by controlled ventilation (CV). This second part of the experiment was continued for 60 min. as well. Gasometric and volumetric dates were compared for the determination of changes caused by respiratory insufficiency usually progressing in anesthesia with natural breathing. In SV- -period, severe respiratory acidosis was developed as a result of hypoventilation of central origin. Intensified hypercapnia (РаСОз + 67.1 mmHg) was discovered at 60 min. of this part of anesthesia. CV-introduction (IPPV:f=ll, Vmin.—44 liter/min) improved the values of acid-base balance after 15 min. The above-mentioned parameters returned to the normal level after 30 min. of CV-application. The procedure with the use of CV, when anesthesia is still at work, allows to reverse consequences of the gas exchange disturbances in a short time providing a new and simple means of increasing the safety of a patient anesthetized by the conventional model of anesthesia.
The size of the optimum Xylazinum 2%-Polfa doses are determined for intramuscular and intravenous injection in horses, cows and sheep. In horses reaction of cardiovascular and respiratory system is tested after the injection of xylazine. It was found that xylazine premedication is characterized by a high degree of safety which result from a slight influence of the agent on circulatory and respiratory functions. The neuroanalgetic immobilization caused by a high dose enables diagnostic and ambulatory work less painful and it also enables preparation of animals for operation and transport. Xylasine used separately does not guarantee a full surgical tolerance. In premedication with xylasine a degree of muscle relaxation, level of sedation and analgesia in higher than with phenothiazine derivatives. Therefore, it makes more easy a local anesthesia. It also gives better conditions for recumbency of animals in inhalation anesthesia. The cooperation of xylazine with muscle relaxants (quazfenesin) and anesthetics (halothane, ketamine) allows to reduce their potent dose restraining risk of complications and to shortener period of recovery.
A greenhouse pot experiment was performed at two soil moisture levels: 70% field water capacity (optimum moisture content) and 35% field water capacity (water stress) to study physiological responses and yield of perennial ryegrass ('Maja', 'Argona') and orchard grass ('Dala', 'Areda'). Rates of photosynthesis and transpiration were measured during vegetation with a Li-Cor 6400 gas analyzer, and chlorophyll concentration was determined with a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. The plants were defoliated three times during the vegetation season. It was found that a decrease in soil moisture from 70% to 35% reduced the rate of photosynthesis by an average of 25%. The strongest response was recorded in the cv. 'Maja', where the rate of photosynthesis decreased by 33%. Perennial ryegrass evaporated more water than orchard grass, and water deficit considerably limited the transpiration. Water stress did not cause any significant changes in chlorophyll concentration in leaves of perennial ryegrass cultivars, whereas in orchard grass higher chlorophyll content was observed under water deficit. All cultivars of both species compared in the study responded by yield decrease to a lower soil moisture. The strongest response was noted in cv. 'Dala', where yield decrease was 66%, as compared with control. Photosynthesis and transpiration bad significant effects on dry matter yield and a close correlation was observed between the intensity of photosynthesis and transpiration.
In the field experiment with yellow-pod French bean, Złota Saxa cultivar, the influence of two doses of dolomite fertilization (0 kg·m⁻² - control; 0,1 kg·m⁻² and 0,5 kg·m⁻²) on assimilation and transpiration processes, chlorophyll a+b content and the dry matter yield were examined. The relationships between parameters of gaseous exchange processes were determined for particular fertilizing combinations. Significant effect of both dolomite doses on the assimilation and transpiration intensity, chlorophyll a + b content and the yield of dry matter was stated. No influence on the transpiration process was observed. The regression analysis showed significant and typical correlations between examined parameters only in control and 0.1 kg·m⁻² dolomite dose combinations.
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