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Acta Ornithologica
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1999
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tom 34
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nr 2
199-203
Some models of central place foraging relate the time taken to deliver a prey to the selectivity of the forager. If birds have to travel longer, they are expected to take only larger prey. Prey selectivity may also increase if birds have more time available for search activities. I tested this last hypothesis by experimentally increasing the food available to Blue Tits during young rearing. Insect larvae were offered to breeding adults from egg hatching to fledging of the young. Provisioning rates and prey size were studied by videotaping. In experimentally overfed broods, part of the additional food was delivered to their nestlings by the adults, while the rate of feeding with natural prey decreased compared to unmanipulated pairs. Overfed males delivered larger insect larvae than control males, while females showed no response to the treatment. Overfed males could deliver larger prey at late chick ages (when presumably the chicks' demand is higher) than controls, suggesting that control males were time- (tor energy) constrained. Moreover, overfed parents appeared to choose relatively more prey that may be important in the chicks' diet. The results show that prey selectivity is related to time (or energy) budgets.
The time of zooplankton passage through the gut of tench larvae and their food selectivity was studied on days 17 and 22 of tench larvae life. The gut passage was assessed with a marker method. The marker were Artemia nauplii. In the larvae aged 17 days food passage took 5 h and in larvae aged 22 days-7 h. In the initial period of life the larvae were fed small species of Cladocera and Rotatoria. Later in the zooplankton sample spined rotifers were abundant. For this reason they were not willingly consumed by the larvae. In both zooplankton samples copepod nauplii were less abundant and they were not eaten by the larvae. The low gut fullness was found for both groups. It indicated the low consumption, larvae transferred from tanks with Artemia to tanks with zooplankton. Presumably the larvae were stressed during the manipulation. In this case the gut passage was assessed under conditions of low content of food organisms in the gut of larvae.
The population of Goshawks in Wigry National Park was studied in the years 1989-97. The number of breeding pairs nesting was in the range 8-11, giving a density of 6.0-7.3 (mean 6.7) per 100 km², or 8.0-11.0 (mean 9.5) per 100 km² of forest area. 69% of broods were successful, mean clutch size was 3.1 and the production of young was at 2.7 per successful pair or 1.9 per pair overall. Food taken in the breeding season was studied by collecting pellets and prey remains from nests and the ground beneath. Prey were identified from fragments of feathers, fur or bones, and food biomass estimated by multiplying the number of prey items of a given species by a mean mass. 1539 prey items with a total biomass of 332 kg were identified. Birds accounted for 94% of prey in terms of number of items and 92% in terms of biomass. The most frequent prey species were Jays Garrulus glandarius (19% of prey items), pigeons Columba spp. (18%), thrushes Turdus spp. (14%) and woodpeckers Picidae (6%). The greatest shares of biomass were taken by pigeons — 35%, Jays —16%, hens —15%, field corvids — 5% and hares Lepus sp. — 4%. The most significant influences on the diet composition of a given pair were distances from the forest edge and from villages. Birds nesting in the forest interior took less advantage of Feral Pigeons and hens as prey. An avifaunal count using a combined-variant cartographic method was followed by the use of Ivlev's selectivity index to assess the predation pressure exerted by Goshawks on wild species of bird. This revealed greatest selective preferences towards Jays, field corvids, woodpeckers and thrushes as prey.
The aim of the study was to characterize the diet composition of tawny owl in relation to environmental variables: season and availability of small rodents. Study area was located in central Poland, in Łódź voivodship, in the area of Rogów Forest District. It comprised of a mosaic of forests and arable lands. The study was done in the years 2003−2010. Pellets were collected at least twice a year in 18 tawny owl territories. Material collected between April and September was categorised as coming from spring−summer, while this from October−March period as autumn−winter season. Simultaneously, in the years 2004−2007, changes in the number of small rodents were monitored by live−trapping. Standard procedures of pellet analyses were used to identify 1926 prey items. Generally, diet composition was dominated by small rodents. Yet, their share was significantly higher in autumn−winter season (71.3 vs. 57.3%). Among rodents, yellow−necked mice, common voles and bank voles were caught most often. Soricomorphs accounted for 3% of prey items in both seasons on average. Birds formed approximately 15% of prey items and their share was comparable in warm and cold half year. On the other hand, in a warmer period owls preyed on invertebrates more often (23.0 vs. 7.5%). A breadth niche was wider in a warm (D=4.01) half year than in cold one (D=3.36). When a peak of rodent number was recorded, owls preyed on bank voles twice as often as compared to other years (increase from 6.4 to 11% of prey items), while an increase in the consumption of yellow−necked mouse was lower (from 27.5 to 34.2%). Tawny owls preferred yellow−necked mice and bank voles were avoided. This study showed that in the Rogów Forest tawny owl is an opportunistic predator. However, composition of its diet does not absolutely reflect the structure of assemblage of small mammals as certain species are preferred.
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