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This study examined the anatomical characteristics of indented growth rings in Lebanon cedar. In the indented pattern of growth rings, the alignment and shape of tracheids and rays were found to be irregular, and distinctive trabeculae were identified in tracheids. Multiseriate parenchymatic rays occur in addition to uniseriate and biseriate ones. In the indented pattern the average tracheid length is shorter, whereas the lumen diameter and double-wall thickness are wider than those of unindented ones. The average maximum ray height is greater than that of normal wood. The average number of tracheids per mm2 differs only in latewood.
Wood macrostructure of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) coming from an experimental site in the Siemianice Forest Experimental Station. The paper presents results of studies concerning the effect of provenance on the share of latewood in annual rings. Analyses were conducted on seven provenances grown on an experimental site located in the Siemianice Forest Experimental Station. It was established which of the investigated provenances have the greatest share of latewood in annual rings. It was also investigated which of the provenances differ significantly in terms of the analysed trait. Measurements were taken on discs collected from breast height of mean sample trees.
The variability of selected ratios characterising the dimensions and shape of silver birch wood fibres was determined based on the site where the trees grow. Two sampling areas were selected, located in the Biała Podlaska Forest District in eastern Poland. Samples for testing were taken from trees approx. 45–50 years old, growing on a fresh broadleaved forest site and on a fresh mixed broadleaved forest site. On these two sites, silver birch occurs most widely as a dominant species, both in terms of stand area and volume, in Poland. A statistical analysis was performed of selected parameters of the wood fibre structure such as length, width, lumen and cell wall thickness, as well as of the wood fibre structure ratios belonging to the basic properties of fibrous pulp: the felting power, flexibility ratio, coefficient of rigidity, Runkel and Mühlsteph ratios, as well as the compactness index. It was demonstrated that the site from which birch material originates has a significant impact on the average values of: fibre length, lumen, flexibility ratio, and the coefficient of rigidity, as well as the Runkel and Mühlsteph ratios. However, analyses did not prove any major impact of the site on the average values of: fibre width and wall thickness, the felting power or the compactness index of silver birch wood.
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Wood hydrophobization by ammonium ionic liquids

63%
Strongly hydrophobic ammonium ionic liquids penetrating the wood structure and protecting solid wood from water absorption were developed. By covering the surface of wood with ammonium ionic liquid the wood is hydrophobically and antiseptically protected for a long time. As it was mentioned above, swelling and water absorption of protected wood is several times less compared to unprotected wood. The dimensional stability is also improved.
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