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A simple and quick method of viral DNA purification from RK 13 infected with NIA-3 strain of ADV cell culture yielded DNA which was easily digested with its enzyme restriction. Moreover, it was of a sufficient purity for a restriction pattern (RFP) analysis. The purified DNA was labelled with photobiotin to obtain a biotinylated genetic probe. The full length DNA probe that was developed was found to be very sensitive and specific when it was used for hybridization with ADV DNA. Furthermore, the forenamed biotinylated probe greatly enhanced the detection limits of restriction fragments compared to RFP analysis in ethidium bromide stained agarose gel. These results indicate that the described probe can be used for analysis and characterization of ADV genomes even if only minute amounts of viral DNA are available.
The great progress achieved in recent years in molecular biology and genetic engineering disciplines enabled the creation of Aujeszky’s disease (AD) virus (SHV-1) deletion mutants, which establish a base for the elaboration of deletion (marker) vaccines. These vaccines together with appropriate serological tests (ELISA) enable the realization of a vaccination-eradication programme that gives real chances to eliminate SHV-1 from infected farms (regions, countries). The objective of the study was to introduce and evaluate the possibilities of SHV-1 elimination from pig populations in two highly infected pig farms in the Warmia and Masuria province in Poland. Pig vaccinations were done using deleted, gE- and TK- negative, live attenuated Nobi - Porvac Aujeszky Live Begonia vaccine (at present Porcilis Begonia) produced by Intervet Int., Holland. Reproductive pigs were vaccinated twice 4 weeks apart and then every 4 months at the same time. Replacement gilts were vaccinated twice before service and replacement boars twice in the quarantine period. Piglets born to vaccinated dams were vaccinated at 10-12 and 14-16 weeks of age. Observations of postvaccinal adverse effects and control of the epizootic situation in both herds were conducted. Clinical and epizootiological studies revealed neither local nor general adverse effects in pigs of various age groups. In spite of high SHV-1 infection levels no clinical signs of AD during vaccination - eradication programme in both herds were observed. This proved innocuity and good efficacy of Porcilis Begonia vaccine. The stages of implementing the vaccination-eradication programme in pig herds, as well as the necessity of a quick introduction of a complex AD eradication programme in Poland according to the general tendency in the EU were also presented in the paper.
The presence of Aujeszky’s disease of swine (AD) on the OIE list of infectious diseases of particular importance is the basis for the activities of the National Veterinary Service aimed at its eradication. Namely, achieving freedom from this disease in swine in a country is the prerequisite for being able to export them to other countries. In relation to this, the objective of the present review was to present opinions concerning the risk of infection of domestic swine from the reservoir of Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV) present in feral swine and wild boars. On the basis of serologic and virologic investigations performed in the USA in feral swine and in several European countries, including Poland, in wild boars, usually subclinical ADV-caused infections were demonstrated. However, in no case could a connection between these infections and AD in domestic swine be demonstrated. On the basis of these findings it was agreed that freedom of swine from AD in a country would be recognized internationally, if requirements of the OIE and EU are fulfilled concerning domestic swine. This means that existing reservoirs of ADV in feral swine and wild boars do not interfere with this status. It is, however, recommended to perform seasonal monitoring of feral swine and wild boars for ADV infection, for example during hunting seasons.
The development in the late 80-s of the deleted (marker) vaccines, which enable serological differentiation between pigs infected with Herpesvirus suis type 1 (SHV-1) and those vaccinated with these vaccines, was the turning point in Aujeszky’s disease (AD) eradication. A vaccination-eradication programme based on deleted, mainly gE-negative, vaccines is at present intensively implemented in several European countries and in the United States with planned completion in the year 2000. The objective of the study was to evaluate the results of SHV-1 elimination from pig farms after 5 years of implementing the vaccination-eradication programme. The study was carried out in two highly infected pig farms R. and B. located in the north-eastern region of Poland, in which implementation of this programme was the most advanced. In the years 1996-1998 intensive vaccinations of all the pigs in both farms using Porcilis Begonia vaccine (Intervet, Holland) were continued. To control the decrease of SHV-1 infection level, the serological examinations of reproductive pigs and pigs from other age groups using gE-ELISA - Pseudorabies Virus gp I Antibody Test Kit (Herd Chek Anti-PRV gp I), IDEXX Lab. Inc. USA were performed. In farm R. the study revealed a decrease of SHV-1 infection level in reproductive pigs from 100% to 10,7% after 3.5 years of pig vaccinations. Positive results were found in only 8 out of 72 sows, with no seropositives in boars and fatteners. In farm B. after 4.5 years of pig vaccinations and 1.5 years of culling SHV-1 infected reproductive pigs, only 3 doubtful results (1 boar, 2 sows) out of 1714 sows and gilts and 38 boars were found. There were no seropositives among piglets and fatteners. Farm B. is the first pig farm in Poland in which SHV-1 was eliminated using „vaccination-eradication programme” for about 5 years (62 months). It is proof that this programme can be effective in SHV-1 elimination even in very large and highly infected pig farms.
In the introduction of this paper the virological definition of the SuHV-1, the etiological agent of Aujeszky’s Disease (AD) of swine, is presented. The importance of ADas an OIE listed disease is mentioned. The gE- deleted marker vaccine in combination with differentiating infected from vaccinated swine ELISA kit is characterized. It is worth to remember that Poland in 2019 will inform the Veterinary Commission of the EU about the freedom of AD in domestic pigs. The seroprevalence of AD in wild boar is variable, from very high occurrence in Mediterranean countries to low level or not existence in Northern Europe. According to several cited authors two subtypes of ADV are existing and characterised – subtype I in wild boar, not being pathogenic for wild boar, existing also in domestic swine, and subtype II occurring in swine and being for domestic swine very pathogenic. Other genetic data connected with pathogenicity of Aujeszky’s disease virus variants are also mentioned.
Celem badań była kompleksowa ocena sytuacji epizootycznej choroby Aujeszkyego (chA) w fermach państwowych i prywatnych jako podstawa wdrożenia programu zwalczania choroby w woj. olsztyńskim. Badania wykonano w 159 fermach państwowych i 121 prywatnych, co stanowiło odpowiednio 80.7% i 80.1% wszystkich ferm w woj. olsztyńskim. Zbadano 19 294 surowice świń (18 167 z ferm państwowych i 1 127 z prywatnych) używając zestawów do testu ELISA (Bioveta-Ivanovice). Wykazano, że średni współczynnik zapowietrzenia ferm państwowych, będący stosun­kiem liczby ferm zapowietrzonych do ogólnej liczby ferm, wynosił w woj. olsztyńskim 57.0%. Średni współczynnik zakażenia stad świń w fermach państwowych, będący stosunkiem liczby świń zakażonych do ogólnej liczby świń w stadzie, określono w woj. olsztyńskim na 70.4%, z wahaniami od 2.8% do 100.0% w poszczególnych stadach. Świnie w fermach prywatnych w woj. olsztyńskim są generalnie wolne od wirusa chA (1 knur zakażony na 1127 świń badanych został natychmiast wyeliminowany). Sytuacja epizootyczna chA wskazuje na potrzebę włączenia jej do wykazu chorób objętych obowiązkiem zgłaszania i rozpoczęcia akcji zwalczania zgodnie z wymogami europejskimi.
Problems in the reproduction of pigs may be the result of interaction of various factors, both infectious and non-infectious. Among the infectious agents, the greatest economic losses are caused by viral infection of pregnant gilts and sows. In the present study the most important pathogens causing reproductive disorders in pigs, including parvovirus (PPV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), enteroviruses, encephalitis virus (EMCV), Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Leptospira spp., Brucella suis and Erysipelotrix rhusiopathiae are characterized. So far, three possible ways of natural infection of the embryo or fetus are identified: via placenta, through the cervical canal, and by infection of the egg cell. The consequences of infection of pregnant females depend on the species of the virus, the gestation period, wherein there is an infection and immune status of pregnant females. The most common changes included: embryo death, resorption of embryos, mummification of fetuses, malformations, abortions, birth of dead or very weak piglets. Because of the importance of the reproduction sector for the competitive production of pigs, the monitoring of the health status of breeding stock, including compliance with all biosecurity rules and vaccination schedules, should be strictly respected by veterinarians taking care of pig breeding herds.
This paper provides an overview of the current knowledge on wild boar as a reservoir of viruses, bacteria and parasites being pathogenic also to other species of animals, and for humans, but particularly to pigs belonging to the same species, Sus scrofa, as the wild boar. Since wild boar and domestic pigs belong to the same taxonomic species they are susceptible to the same pathogens and can infect each other. Therefore free – ranging wild boar are increasingly considered to be a threat to the pig industry and the international movement of pigs and swine products. Particularly African swine fever, classical swine fever, and foot and mouth disease are those OIE-listed diseases, discussed in the paper. Additionally, domestic pigs can be infected from wild boar by PPV, PCV2, TGE and ADV. The last mentioned microorganism is causing infection and disease also in other species of animals. The wild boar is participating, by carriership, of infecting several species of animals and human by Leptospira serotypes, Brucella suis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella spp., pathogenic serovars of Escherichia coli. The same relates to bovine tuberculosis, Japanase encephalitis virus and influenza A typ viruses. Finally trichinellosis transfer from wild boar to humans with not cooked meat containing larves of Trichinella spp. is mentioned. In general remarks it is noted that to prevent pathogen introduction from wild boar to domestic animals particularly to pigs, but also other species and to humans the surveillance of the wild boar behaviour in their living conditions and environment is recommended.
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