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The effect of infections with Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum on the yielding of seven wild and one commercial strain of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. was investigated. Wild strains of the mushroom were derived from natural habitats of Poland. The cultivation substrate was inoculated with two different isolates of T. aggressivum f. europaeum Th2. It was found that infections of the substrate with these isolates resulted in a very serious decrease in mushroom yield. The examined mushroom strains showed different reactions to the infections with Trichoderma isolates.
Different microscopy techniques were used to assess the aging of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells in stationary culture. Live/Dead staining was found to be as effective as viability tests at determining viability of yeast cells. Cells of dismutase-deficient sod1 and sod2 yeast mutants age faster than wild-type strains. Changes in appearance and decreasing in diameter size of the aging cells was observed using the Nomarski technique. The results of the fluorescent staining with Redox Sensor Red and mBCl suggest a disturbance of redox homeostasis in the cells, while vacuole staining with CellTracker Blue CMAC indicates cytoplasmic vacuolization. Yeast cell staining as carried out in this study can be used as a fast preliminary test, making it possible to determine changes taking place in the cell during aging.
One of many strategies of bacteria survival in a contaminated environment is plasmid-encoded resistance to toxic substances. D. desulfuricans wild strains isolated from soil and mud samples taken from contaminated sites were studied to identify plasmids in these bacteria and to examine their restriction profiles. The presence of plasmid DNA in all tested strains was demonstrated. Using B.stEII-digested DNA of phage λ. as the molecular standard, plasmid size was established at ~2.3 kbp. The restriction fragments obtained after cutting plasmid DNA with endonuclease HaeIII or AluI were better separated on gradient polyacrylamide gel than on homogeneous gel. Very high similarity between the fragment profiles was demonstrated, despite the different origins of the strains tested.
The Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation procedure was developed by using the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (hph) as a selective marker for the oil-producing fungus Umbelopsis isabellina. Different conditions were combined to increase the transformation efficiency. The highest efficiency was obtained by using A. rhizogenes strain R105 and a vector with zygomycete promoter. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that 71% of transformants contained random integrations of T-DNA sequences under optimal conditions. We randomly selected 115 positive transformants resistant to hygromycin to analyze the amount of total fatty acid and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Six transformants produced a higher amount of total fatty acids than the wild strain, and one transformant also produced a higher level of GLA than the wild strain in gas chromatography analysis. This is the first report about using A. rhizogenes strain R105 and germinated conidia to transform successfully the recalcitrant zygomycetes and to obtain transformants with a stable phenotype.
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