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An abundant, diverse and well-preserved fauna of jaw-bearing polychaetes (Annelida, Polychaeta, Eunicida) was recovered from the late Viruan (Caradoc) of eight borehole sections in North Estonia and the St. Petersburg region. Altogether 46 species are encountered. Two new genera, Incisipnon with type species I. incisus (Kielan-Jaworowska, 1966) and Estonioprion with type species E. maennili sp. n., and five new species (Incisiprion edentulus, Polychaetura kielanae, Ramphoprion bialatus, Ramphoprion peterburgensis, Estonioprion maennili) are introduced. In addition 17 new species are described under open nomenclature. The taxonomy is based on jaw apparatuses, fused or reconstructed ones. Many species found in Estonia have been previously described from the erratic boulders of Poland. The studied polychaete fauna was confined to the North Estonian Confacies, a shallow-water carbonate shelf, which constituted favourable habitats for Ordovician polychaete worms. The stratigraphical ranges of many prevalent polychaete species exceed the interval studied. However, a few species seem to be restricted to particular horizons and may be useful for stratigraphy. Polychaete assemblages of certain time intervals, characterized by very steady species composition and relative frequencies of different taxa, were spatially widespread within the North Estonian Confacies. Based on the changes in the assemblages, some stratigraphical levels, like the boundary beds of the Idavere and Jõhvi stages, can be traced within the study area. The jawed polychaete faunas of Baltica and Laurentia probably had several species in common during the Caradoc.
'Ordered' and 'unordered chevron structures' in serpulid tubes comprise minute calcite lath-like crystals. In ordered chevron structure (Pomatoceros triqueter) the crystals parallel each other within each chevron layer, whilst between layers the alignment direction alternates. The laths have no alignment in unordered chevron structure (Spirorbis and locally in Pomatoceros triqueter). In 'homogeneous chevron structure' (found in Jurassic pomatocerids) the layers comprise a granular or homogeneous fabric. This structure possibly represents a diagenetic replacement of lath-like crystals. Serpulid chevron structures are quite dissimilar from any shell microstructures described in molluscs or lophophorates. The secretion of microstructures comprising lath-like crystals may have allowed rapid tube growth. Spherulitic prismatic structure is identified in Spirorbis; the structure occurs locally in the outer part of the tube. The microstructure of Recent spirorbids is quite dissimilar to that of Palaeozoic fossils (microconchids) previously assigned to the genus Spirorbis.
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Hartmaniellidae - living fossils among polychaetes

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The jaw apparatus of the Recent eunicoid polychaete Hartmaniella erecta is closely similar to those of the Mesozoic species of Palurites. It is concluded that the family Hartmaniellidae originated in the late Palaeozoic from an ancestor close to the Paulinitidae and is qlosely related to Kielanoprionidae. The lineage shows an extremaly slow rate of evolution. Hartmaniellids have been abundant during the whole Mesozoic while its Recent representation is only a relic. Palurites jurassicus sp. n. is proposed.
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