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The aim of the study was to determine the changes of plant surface wettability caused by environmental drought stress. Two Polish cultivars of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) Poldek and Stratus were tested. The low soil moisture was stabilised at pF 3.5 while the control soil moisture at pF 2.2. The wettability was determined by water contact angle. The measurements were performed on fresh leaves before and after washing in chloroform. Generally, drought led to hydrophobisation of the surface of plant leaves. The use of chloroform caused greater changes in contact angle values for stressed than for control plants, but this reaction was variety-specific and leaf-age dependent.
The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of honey spray drying with addition of maltodextrin and gum Arabic as drying agents. The influence of the concentration of the solution subjected to drying, the type and content of the drying agents upon the physical properties of obtained powders was examined. An attempt was undertaken to obtain powder with a honey content of more than 50% d.b. Spray drying of multifloral honey with the addition of maltodextrin and gum Arabic was carried out at inlet air temperature of 180°C, feed rate of 1 mL/s and rotational speed of a disc atomizer of 39,000 rpm. The properties of obtained powders were quantified in terms of moisture content, bulk density, Hausner ratio, apparent density, hygroscopicity and wettability. Using gum Arabic it was possible to obtain a product with a higher content of honey (67% solids) than in the case of maltodextrin (50% d.b.). However, the powders obtained with gum Arabic were characterised by worse physical properties: higher hygroscopicity and cohesion, and longer wetting time.
Surface free energy and contact angle for peat-moorsh soils were determined on soil samples consisted of two kinds of moorsh formations, i.e., peaty moorsh (Z1) and proper moorsh (Z3). The samples represented peat soil mass in different state of its secondary transformation, so they essentially differed in values of W1 index. In study a thin-layer (TLW) technique based on Wash- burns equation was used. For this purpose the penetration rate of n-alkanes and diodomethane were measured. If the content of humous compounds in the soil exceeds 40%, wetting rate measurements can only be performed using apolar liquids, such as diiodomethane and alkanes. Polar liquids, on the other hand, such as water or formamide, do not penetrate porous soil layers. This shows that the tested material displays only dispersion-type surface interactions. Therefore, for "mor" and peat soils, the technique of thin-layer wicking with n-octane could only be used to determine the dispersive component . The investigated peat soil no exhibit a polar interactions because the water does not penetrate into yiLW the sample. For the peaty-moorsh soils only dispersive surface free energy components can be determined by the technique of thin-column wicking (TCW). Contact angles can be calculated from the determined dispersive surface free energy components and water surface tension by Young equation. Ranges of water contact angles for peat-moorsh soils are 97.5°<9 <102.0°.
Effect of temperature of thermo-mechanical treatment of pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) veneers upon gloss and wettability. The aim of investigations was determination of gloss and wettability of pine wood veneers after thermo-mechanical treatment. Rotary cut veneer sheets of pine wood and moisture content of 5% were chosen for the experiments. In laboratory hydraulic press was densification at temperatures of 150, 180, and 210°C, pressure 3 MPa, and time 3 min. Gloss of veneers was determined with the photoelectric method with PICO GLOSS apparatus. Wettability measurements were performed microscope methods with the goniometric eąuipment. It was stated, that temperature of thermo-mechanical treatment influenced on the course of gloss and wettability.
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The aim of the research was to measure the wettability of wood surface protected with three ionic liquids differing in terms of cation and anion structure as well as fungicidal properties. Herbicidal ionic liquids with functional anion, nitrate(V) with cation derived from natural coconut oil and ionic liquid with dodecylbenzenesulfonate anion were tested. The investigation was carried out on pine wood Pinus sylvestris L. The presented results indicate that the ionic liquids containing 12-carbon hydrophobic alkyl chain in their structure, i.e. [DDA][ABS] and [ArqC35][NO3], worsened wood wettability, thus improved the protection of wood against water.
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