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A brief review of the present state of palaeontological knowledge on the superfamily Curculionoidea is presented. The taxonomic position of Triassic weevil-like beetles is disputable. The oldest diverse weevil fauna known from the Upper Jurassic reflects an early stage of radiation of lineages ancestral for modern primitive weevil families. An extensive radiation of more advanced families occurred mainly in the Cretaceous, most of modern subfamilies existed in the Early Tertiary, and the main radiation of living tribes in Curculionidae was probably in the Oligocene and Miocene. The robustness of palaeontological data on the weevil history is discussed. The new combination Pseudaspidapion khnzoriani is proposed for Apion khnzoriani ZHERIKHIN 1971, from the Baltic amber.
An attempt was made to optimize the minimum required inoculation load of the weevils on three growth stages of waterhyacinth, based on reduction of fresh biomass, number of leaves and ramifications. The small growth stage was controlled earlier than the waterhyacinth of middle growth stage, corresponding to the increase in number of weevils per plant. The large plants could not be controlled even with the inoculation pressure of 20 weevils per plant because of high growth rate. This study suggests that Neochetina spp. has the potential to keep the population of the macrophyte at a subeconomic density, through a basic inoculation load of weevils in due course of time.
The first apparent nectarivorous weevil, Smicronyx squalidus, is documented on Desmanthus illinoensis. Although found feeding from extra-floral nectaries (EFN’s) located between the petioles of D. illinoensis, it is believed that S. squalidus merely supplements its diet with nectar, due to an apparent lack of mouthpart modifications for a more efficient uptake of fluids. Photographs of the adult S. squalidus, as well as the EFN’s on D. illinoensis, are provided.
Observations were conducted over 5 years (1989-1993) in natural stands in southeastern Poland. The aim of this research was to examine relations between Sitona weevils and wild- growing leguminous plants. In total, 28861 weevils (Citrculionidae) were collected from which 10425 (36.1%) belonged to the Sitona genus. The most common species was lineatus L., which was collected in each examined stand. Adult forms of this weevil occurred in large numbers especially on Vicia sp.. S. humeralis Steph. was dominant on Medicago sativa, S. cylindricollis Fahrs. grew on Melilotus albus, S. sulcifrons Thunbg. was numerous on Trifolium pratense and T. alpestre. S. waterhousei Walt, occurred on Lotus corniculatus whereas S. suturalis Steph. was dominant on Lathyrus pratensis. Coronilla varia was dominated by S. languidus Gyll. and Ononis arvensis was dominated by S. suturalis. So, we can say that every leguminous plant is accompanied by at least one specialised Sitona species, which can essentially reduce the number of root nodules and consequently decreased the quantity of fixed atmospheric nitrogen in soil.
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