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The paper discusses the relations between spring triticale grain yield and weather factors: mean air temperature, total precipitation and insolation in the north-west of Poland. Boundary values were determined for the weather factors such that caused the decrease in grain yield by at least 10% against the many-years yield average. On the basis of weather data from the years 1971-2000, climate indices of spring triticale crop yield were estimated, which in turn provided a basis for the valuation, in terms of scores, of thermic and precipitation conditions in the north-west Poland. Crop yield of spring triticale is markedly restrained by the mean temperature exceeding 16°C in the stalk-shooting coming into ear period, as well as by precipitation below 20 mm over the same period, and by the mean air temperature above 18.5°C in the coming into ear dough stage.
Some aspects of the epidemiology of Maize streak virus (MSV) genus Mastrevirus concerning virus incidence, vector populations and some environmental factors were investigated in field experiments conducted over a three year period (2000–2002) at Samaru, northern Nigeria. Significant positive correlations were obtained between number of leafhoppers caught and MSV incidence and age of plant at infection and also with temperature. Also significant negative correlations were obtained between MSV incidence and mean relative humidity; between number of leafhoppers and age of plants and with mean rainfall. Leafhopper vectors caught included Cicadulina arachidis China, C. mbila Naude, C. triangula Ruppel and C. similis China, in order of abundance. Leafhopper incidence was highest in the months of September and October.
In current study 13 native Rubus species of Corylifolii section, cultivated in the Dendrological Garden of University of Life Sciences in Poznań, were investigated. Phenology and growth rate of vegetative and generative stems of these plants were analyzed. Some habitat factors (temperature and precipitation) were also taken into consideration. The differences in seasonal rhythm of individual taxa were noticed. The life cycles of some species were disturbed. Weather conditions were the most important factors to have an significant influence on seasonal rhythm of Rubus species. In general, in 2008 rainfall deficiency during the vegetation caused flower and fruit disorders and the earlier dye coloration of leaves and leaf-fall. But the drought did not always affect growth rate of generative shoots.
The pollen of mugwort, plantain, sorrel, nettle and pigweed is an important airborne allergen source worldwide. The occurrence of pollen grains in the air is a seasonal phenomenon and estimation of seasonal variability in the pollen count permits evaluation of the threat posed by allergens over a given area. The aim of the study was to analyse the dynamics of Artemisia, Plantago, Rumex, Urticaceae and Chenopodiaceae pollen season in Szczecin (western Poland) in 2004–2008 and to establish a relationship between the meteorological parameters versus the pollen count of the taxa studied. Measurements were performed by the Hirst volumetric trap (model Lanzoni VPPS 2000). Consecutive phases during the pollen season were defined for each taxon (1, 5, 25, 50, 75, 95, 99% of annual total) and duration of the season was determined using the 98% method. On the basis of this analysis, temporary differences in the dynamics of the seasons were most evident for Artemisia. Correlation analysis with weather parameters demonstrated that the maximum wind speed, mean and maximum air temperature, relative humidity and dew point are the main factors influencing the average daily pollen concentrations in the atmosphere.
Effect of weather factors on fluctuations of spore population of Pyricularia grisea and the occurrence of the disease was considered. During growing seasons of 2006-2007, paddy fields were chosen in distance of five kilometers from weather stations of Rasht, Lahijan and Anzali in Guilan province and spore population (Ps) were measured daily using sporetraps. Weather data including precipitation (P), daily maximum and minimum temperature (Tmax, Tmin), daily maximum and minimum relative humidity (RHmax, RHmin) and sunny hours (SH) were obtained from weather stations. The relationship between spore population fluctuations and weather data was analyzed and the most important weather factors affecting spore population and predicting blast were determined. Accordingly, weather factors such as P, Tmax, RHmin and SH are the most important factors predicting rice blast in Guilan and enough precipitation, increased daily RHmin, decreased daily Tmax and SH result in increased spore population and blast occurrence during next 7-10 days. To predict final leaf blast severity (Yflbs) and neck blast index (Ynbi), factors such as Tmax, Tmin, T, RHmax, RHmin, RH, P and SH and Ps were used for modeling. For leaf blast, these factors were considered for June and July and for neck blast, the same factors used for August. Step wise regression was applied for modeling. Statistics like r, R2, aR2, SE, F and Durbin-Watson were applied for evaluating the models. Finally, the two quantitative models: Yflbs = -2.41-2.80 Tmin+0.68RHmin-0.015Ps-0.014P+0.052SH (R2 = 96.73%) and Ynbi = -24.11+0.08Tmax+0.19 RHmax+0.034Ps-0.015P+0.016SH (R2 = 73.97%), were introduced for predicting final leaf blast severity and neck blast index, respectively. Related to effects of amount of applied N fertilizer (F) and date (D) and space (S) of transplanting, the results showed high correlation between F and Yflbs and Ynbi, but such high correlation was not observed for D and S. The best function for predicting Yflbs was Y = 4.46-4.12F+1.93F2 (R2 = 96.37). The best equation for predicting Ynbi acquired when F, D and S were applied in multiple regression, Y = 2.06+0.33F+0.10D-0.03S(R2 = 54.40).
The populations of Little Owl decreased over much of Europe including Poland, where it’s status has not yet been elucidated in full. We compiled data from 13 censuses carried out from 1982 –2005 at a 12 km² study plot situated in an agricultural area in the north-western outskirts of Warsaw in Central Poland. We observed a significant decline in the Little Owl population, leading to its disappearance from the study site. The population dynamics was not correlated with the weather factors analysed (snow cover and thickness, air temperature for December-March period, precipitation for March, May and June), which indicates that climate change was not a direct cause of the decline. There were no substantial changes in the land use structure at the study area. We conclude that the reduction in nesting sites and decreased food availability are the potential factors of the Little Owl decline.
In winter 2004/2005 some exceptionally large (on the Central European scale) concentrations of Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis), up to 1600 individuals, were recorded in Lower Silesia (south-western Poland). The Snow Bunting flock size was positively correlated with the mean daily air temperature (P = 0.002). The average flock size during snowless days was 11 times higher than in the snowy period (P = 0.0017). One of the factors encouraging the more abundant wintering of Snow Bunting in Central Europe may be the milder climatic conditions, especially higher temperature and lack of snow cover. During the last four decades the rise of mean temperatures and shrinking of the snow cover period in winter months (December-February) have been observed in Lower Silesia.
The resting site choice of 14 pine martens Marten martes (Linnaeus, 1758) (6 males and 8 females) in Białowieża National Park (BNP), north-eastern Poland, was analysed. The radio-collared martens were located 1,790 times in 877 different resting sites. For both males and females, arboreal resting sites (cavity and nest) constituted over 95% of the resting events. Cavities were used more frequently than nests. Resting site use differed significantly between sexes and seasons. Females rested in nests less often than males (especially in spring), but selected cavities more frequently than did males. Females with young chose only cavities, whereas non-breeding females often rested in nests. Weather conditions influenced the choice of resting sites in various months. For males, temperature was a significant factor from October to May, for females from December to March and in June-July. Martens rested in nests when mean ambient temperatures were higher, in cavities or on the ground when tempera­tures were lower. In summer and winter, when average humidity was high males often rested in cavities or places on the ground. When winds were strong or snow cover was deep, martens chose ground sites. In years of high squirrel density, frequency of nest use by marten increased. During severe winters, frequency of use of ground sites increased. Oak, lime, and spruce trees were frequently used by martens (males - 85.7% and female - 70.6% of all resting sites). Males rested in spruce more often than females, while females used oak and lime more often than males. Martens selected lime and oak, and avoided hornbeam trees. Literature on winter resting sites of pine martens in Europe was reviewed. It was shown that in northern Europe martens rested primarily on the ground. In the temperate zone, martens used cavities in trees (eastern Europe) on nests (western Europe).
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