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The study presents the health condition and structure of pine stands growing on permanent experimental plots in the Kwidzyn Forest Division, the Ryjewo working circle, the Lisewo Forest District. Forest mensuration analyses were performed in a 127-year old pine stand (compartment 214), in five plots of 0.26 ha each. The health condition of the stand was determined on the basis of the losses of the assimilatory organs, i.e. defoliation. Mean defoliation of tree crowns was 20.3% (below the warning level), which corresponds to the damage rate of 1.14. A vast majority, i.e. 67% of the 176 analysed trees, represented damage rate 1 (Table 2). Taking into consideration the age of the stand (127 years) and its provenance (it was planted on former farmland) the health condition may be considered good. The structure of social classes of tree position in the stand shows an appropriate share of the upper storey (81.2-95.1%) and the second storey (4.9-18.8%). When analysing the basic characteristics of the stand structure it was found that the biggest variation was observed in crown length (from 17% to 30%), while the smallest – in height (from 6% to 9%). The mean relative crown length in the stands ranged from 0.21 to 0.24. Tree slenderness, defining resistance of trees to damage caused by wind and snow took mean values below 1.0 (from 0.71 to 0.83). This shows good stability of the analysed stands. Those stands are characterized by high yields of 465-614 m3 large timber per 1 ha and stocking of 1.0 to 1.3. As a result of the analyses of the interdependencies between the basic mensuration characteristics the most significant relationship was found for diameter at breast height and slenderness (from –0.718 to –0.913), height and absolute crown length (0.619-0.715) and diameter at breast height and height (0.161-0.708; Table 4). The trends in the annual increment in diameter at breast height showed the biggest decreases in the years 1977-1983, 1969-1974, 1962-1967, 1956-1960 and 1949-1952 (Fig. 6). Those periods coincide with gradations of nun moths and adverse weather conditions.
The paper refers to the estimation of Poaceae pollen seasons in Poland in selected areas. The aim of the study was to present the long-term variability of the start, end and duration of grass pollen seasons and the seasonal pollen index (SPI) in Poland against a background of the meteorological conditions over pollen seasons. The study was performed in eight Polish cities in 1992–2014 (the common seasons were 2003–2012). Pollen season start was relatively stable in the studied period, the seasons began about the 10th of May, a bit earlier in the south part of Poland. Pollen season ends were more changeable in comparison to the season start and fluctuated from the middle of July to the middle of September. SPI clearly depended on temperature and precipitation in April–August. Daily maximum pollen concentrations were achieved between the end of May and the first decade of July and no evident relationship between this day and weather conditions was found, apart from 2004.
Net ecosystem production reflects the potential of the ecosystem to sequestrate atmospheric CO2. Daily net ecosystem production of a mountain Norway spruce forest of the temperate zone (Czech Republic) was determined using the eddy covariance method. Growing season days when the ecosystem was a CO2 source were examined with respect to current weather conditions. During the 2005, 2006, and 2007 growing seasons, there were 44, 65, and 39 days, respectively, when the forest was a net CO2 source. The current weather conditions associated with CO2 release during the growing seasons were: cool and overcast conditions at the beginning or end of the growing seasons characterized by a 3-year mean net ecosystem production of -7.2 kg C ha-1 day-1; overcast or/and rainy days (-23.1 kg C ha-1 day-1); partly cloudy and hot days (-11.8 kg C ha-1 day-1); and overcast and hot days (-13.5 kg C ha-1 day-1). CO2 release was the highest during the overcast or/and rainy conditions (84%, average from all years), which had the greatest impact during the major production periods. As forests are important CO2 sinks and more frequent weather extremes are expected due to climate change, it is important to predict future forest carbon balances to study the influence of heightened variability in climatic variables.
The paper presents an analysis of the impact of meteorological factors (solar radiation, maximum, minimum and mean temperature, precipitation) on the development and yield of yellow lupin Parys cultivar in the northern Poland in the years 1987–2008. Using multiple regression methods (linear and quadratic function) created regression equations that were estimated using the coeffi cients of determination (R2, R2 adj and R2 pred – using the Cross Validation procedure). Selected regression equation used to estimate the yield of yellow lupin, using generated – by means of model WGENK – daily values of global radiation, maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation, and climate change scenario GISS Model E for Central Europe. Examined dependencies weather-yield of lupine seeds (cultivar Parys) allowed the application of the chosen model to forecast yields from the time when the values are independent variables in the model by the end of the growing season. The comparison of distributions of actual and simulated yields shows that real yields are slightly (by 0.06 t·ha–1) higher than those generated for 2 × CO2 conditions.
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