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The aim of the present work was to assess the functioning of the integrated treatment process of surface water in the Water Treatment Plant (ZUW) in Jarosław between 2008–2015. The application of factor analysis made it possible to reduce the number of random variables down to the set described by four principal components, including two variables related to the bacteriological quality of water. It was observed that the removal of the component bacteria in 2011–2015 (after the modernization of the Water Treatment Plant), during the filtration and disinfection process, was 100% effective. Microfiltration membranes with a nominal pore size of 0.1 μm proved effective in removing both protozoa and pathogenic bacteria from the captured water. The use of the microfiltration technique in the coagulation-integrated system has increased the effectiveness of the conventional disinfection of surface water.
Nearly one third of the high quality water in households is used for flushing toilets. Water resources in Poland are relatively poor. Therefore the use of water of inferior quality parameters to flush the toilet bowls is satisfactory. It is possible to use for this purpose the greywater from the washing of the body (the bath water) after treating it to the level which doesn’t threatens human life or health. The paper presents preliminary results of research on potential use of cartridge filter to treat greywater from the washing of the body (from bath) in order to reuse water in households. It was found not significant effect of increasing the quality of bath greywater treatment using polypropylene and carbon cartridge filters.
The purpose of this research was to examine water treatment improvement by using natural powdered zeolite (clinoptilolite). Experiments were carried out at a laboratory and in a pilot-scaled water treatment plant. The pilot-scaled plant was fed with groundwater containing a high level of organic compounds from the existing waterworks in Lithuania’s Neringa Region. The content of organic substances in the groundwater – characterized by chemical oxygen demand (COD), varied between 5.0 – 40.0 mg O₂ l⁻¹ and the permanganate index (oxidation by potassium permanganate) 4.0 – 8.0 mg O₂ l⁻¹ was determined during this case study. There was no significant reduction using conventional water treatment. Laboratory analysis of water quality showed: total iron, ammonium, aluminium residual concentrations, pH, colour (Pt scale), turbidity, COD and permanganate index. The drinking water had an undesirable colour, taste and odour due to high concentrations of organic substances in the groundwater. A fluidized batch process and adsorption of natural powdered zeolite were used for reducing organic substances in the water with the effectiveness of total iron concentration reduction by 96%. Experimental research results are included in the article.
Chlorine dioxide is widely used as a pre-oxidant and disinfectant but it has the disadvantage of inducing the formation of the inorganic by-products chlorites and chlorates. It is therefore of interest to decrease the chlorine dioxide demand and oxidation, and/or removal of natural organic matter (NOM). The objective of this study was to estimate the efficiency of the adsorption of oxidised and unoxidised NOM on granular activated carbon (GAC) filters. For this purpose, three pairs of columns filled with three types of GAC were set. The study showed that the efficiency of adsorption increased after the pre-oxidation of NOM with ClO2. GAC filters also efficiently removed the unwanted inorganic by-products.
Undertaken studies on diversity and prevalence of yeast-like fungi aimed at presenting the role of a hydrophyte treatment plant in cleaning municipal wastewater from potentially pathogenic fungi. One hundred and six isolates of fungi were obtained. The highest diversity of species was found in the sedimentation tank and in I and II reed beds. The dominating species were: Trichosporon beigelii, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida dubliniensis, Candida krusei, Candida utilis and Candida lipolytica – isolated also from hospitalized patients. The number of fungal cells decreased progressively from uncountable in the sedimentation tank to 2,060 cfu/dm³ in the polishing pond. Reduction of the number and changes in species composition of yeasts like fungi take place in the hydrophyte treatment plants.
One possible method of drinking water treatment is chlorine dioxide disinfection. This technology, however, requires reliable control of its byproducts, including chlorite ions., which pose a threat to human health. In this paper an original procedure for flow indirect determination of chlorite in drinking water was described. This method relies on oxidization of chlorite ions by iron(III) in acid environment measurement of the spectrophotometric signal for the phenanthroline/iron(II) complex. The determinations were carried out by flow analysis with the use of a dedicated set of flow instruments. The method was used for analysis of natural samples collected from various water intakes in Kraków. The new analytic approach was compared with the routinely applied ion chromatography method.
Humic substances contained in ground and surface waters increase the degree of their pollution, give it a specific colour and contribute to the formation of toxic disinfection by-products in the process of water treatment. Coagulation is an effective method of removing organic compounds, including humic acids (HA), from water and wastewater. The proper selection of coagulants and optimization of such parameters as coagulant dose and the pH of the solution enable improvement of coagulation efficiency. The objective of the present study was to determine the efficiency of humic acids removal by coagulation, depending on the dose of Al and Fe(III) salts and pH of the analyzed solutions. A model alkaline solution and 0.2 M solutions of Al₂ (SO₄)₃ and Fe₂ (SO₄)₃ were used. The experiment was performed with and without pH adjustment, by a standard jar test procedure. COD-Cr [mg O₂ ·dm⁻³], colour – PtCo [mg·dm⁻³], turbidity – FTU [mg·dm⁻³], suspended solids – SS [mg·dm⁻³], pH and streaming potential – SP [mV] were determined during coagulation tests. In the solutions coagulated without pH adjustment and with the optimum doses of Al₂ (SO₄)₃ and Fe₂ (SO₄)₃ ,COD was at a level of 0.1 to 3% of the initial value and colour was removed almost completely. Iron(III) sulfate was found to be slightly more effective as a coagulant, in respect to COD removal. The results of electrokinetic measurements showed that the charge of molecules of humic colloids depends on the type and concentration of coagulating salt, as well as on the pH of the solution. The analysis of coagulation with pH adjustment revealed that there exists the optimum value of pH for each of the salt doses applied in the experiment. Coagulation with the use of Al₂ (SO₄)₃ and Fe₂ (SO₄)₃ proceeded at pH < 5.8 and pH < 4.2, respectively. A decrease in the pH of an HA solution allowed us to considerably (even eight-fold) reduce the dose of coagulants, maintaining high (above 94%) efficiency of humic acid removal by coagulation.
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W artykule przedstawiono główne obszary zastosowania ozonu do oczyszczania wody., oraz podstawowe parametry dezynfekcji wody. Dane doświadczalne dotyczące rozpuszczalności ozonu w wodzie za pomocą kaskadowego turboozonator, w zależności od stężenia ozonu w fazie gazowej, przepływu mieszaniny gazu i czasu trwania dezynfekcji.
Our paper presents the results of investigations on the treatment of waters involved in unit process ultra­filtration, hybrid process - coagulation/sedimentation/ultrafiltration and in-line coagulation/ultrafiltration. In membrane filtration that we applied immersed capillary membranes. Simulated water containing humic acids at 30 mg/l was ultrafiltered with a constant volumetric permeate flux amounting to 5.7*10"6 m3/m2-s. Four coagulants were tested, for which the optimal process parameters were determined experimentally. We determined the effectiveness of ultrafiltration and that of the hybrid system coagulation-membrane filtration, basing on measurements of the membranes' yield (permeate flux) and physico-chemical analysis of raw water and permeates. Also residual concentration of metal ions (Al and Fe) in permeates were deter­mined. The application of the hybrid system, combining coagulation and ultrafiltration, offers better effects of the removal of organic pollution.
Na Ukrainie największymi odbiorcami wód podziemnych jako źródła wody pitnej są mieszkańcy zachodniej części kraju. Ze względu na obecność stref pękania skał wodoodpornych w regionach hydrogeologicznych zachodniej Ukrainy skład fizykochemiczny wody nie jest stały i może ulegać zmianie, w szczególności w zakresie zawartości metali ciężkich. Przyczyną ich obecności w wodach podziemnych są oddziaływanie antropogeniczne oraz biologiczne ługowanie rud mineralnych. Metale ciężkie mogą migrować w dół i w górę oraz przenikać do warstw wodonośnych wody pitnej przez pęknięte strefy warstw wodoodpornych. Rudy mineralne występujące na terytorium zachodniej Ukrainy zawierają metale ciężkie, a zdecydowana większość z nich to siarczki. Są one utleniane przez grupę bakterii tionowych (рН 5–7), w wyniku czego stężenie siarczanu w wodzie wzrasta. Jednocześnie na zachodniej Ukrainie powszechnie występują glinokrzemiany (zeolity, tufy, bazalty i inne), które mogą być wykorzystane jako sorbent w technologii uzdatniania wody. W porównaniu z tradycyjnie stosowanym wapnem gaszonym przy wykorzystaniu glinokrzemianów wydajność usuwania metali ciężkich jest większa ze względu na to, że odbywa się za pomocą dwóch mechanizmów – wymiany jonowej i tworzenia wodorotlenków metali ciężkich.
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