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The article analyzes methods for the protection of reservoir water against the eutrophication process. It dis­cusses methods for protection against point-source, spatial and dispersed pollution, biological methods and the most frequently applied technical methods. It pays special attention to the application of mathematical modelling to predict changes in water quality. A simulation of water quality changes in the Dobczyce Reservoir, expressed by a change in the concentration of chlorophyll "a," was made. Calculations were made for different pollutant concentrations and different temperatures. It was found that temperature had an important impact on the course of the process in surface segments and that pollutant load exerted an influence in subsurface segments. In sedi­ment segments, the factors did not practically affect the course of the eutrophication process.
The paper presents the territorial differences in the implementation of ”soil and water protection” agri-environmental package within the scope of the Rural Development Plans, RDP 2004-2006 and RDP 2007-2013, in Poland. The research material involved data provided by the Management Information System of the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture developed on 16.04.2010 by the Department of Analyses and Reporting. The main beneficiaries were farmers in the voivodships in the north-western part of the country. The most interesting variant for farmers was the ”stubble catch crop”. The greatest interest in cereals and cruciferous was noted for catch crops. Ratio of area covered by the implementation of the package in the RDP 2004-2006 to agricultural land in farms (%) was positively correlated with the average area of arable land per farm (ha), percentage share of cereals in cropping area and negatively correlated with cattle stock in head per 100 ha of AL. In RDP 2007-2013 this ratio was positively correlated with consumption of nitrogenous fertilizers per 1 ha of AL (kg), average economic size of farm (ESU) and Standard Gross Margin (SGM) of farm (PLN).
Wyznaczono dynamikę i kinetykę rozkladu szeroko stosowanego w kraju fungicydu - karbendazymu. Badania prowadzono w warunkach modelowych symulujących wodę rzeczną, destylowaną i ekosystem wodny uwzględniając różne stężenia początkowe fungicydu i temperatury oraz wpływ na rozklad karbendazymu zdolności adaptacyjnych mikroflory i właściwości kumulacyjnych.
Data from the Central Statistical Office and from the literature of the subject have been used to present the hazards for the natural environment, created by nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. The issue concerns inland waters and the Baltic Sea. The existing hazards are controlled by rational fertilisation, the appropriate structure of cultivation and biochemical barriers. Following Poland’s accession to the European Union, an effective instrument has been obtained in the form of an agrienvironmental programme, especially the packages: „water and soil protection” and „establishing buffer zones”, which can result in reducing the infiltration of biogenes to the environment. The data from the Agency of Agriculture Restructuring and Modernisation and the research conducted by the authors in the Warmia and Mazury and the West Pomerania Provinces have confirmed the large interest of farmers in the „water and soil protection” package. The clearly observed lack of interest in the „buffer zones” package necessitates corrections, mainly by increasing financial subsidies for farmers.
The purpose of this study is to assess the efficiency of removal of phenoxyacetic pesticides from water by means of activated carbon sorption. The sorbents used in this study (WD-extra, CWZ-22, NP-5) were produced by GRYFSKAND, Ltd., Hajn–wka. The first step of the study was the steady-state test of the suitability of selected sorbents in herbicide removal. The steady-state test was conducted according to the Chemviron Carbon methodology. Its aim was to determine the Freundlich isotherm and sorption capacity, and to select the best sorbent in static conditions. The residual concentration of the contaminant in the filtrate was determined using relevant analytical techniques. Also, the concentration of phenoxyacetic acid was identified by TLC and HPLC methods. On the basis of the results obtained it was concluded that the best sorbents of phenoxyacetic acid from water in steady-state conditions are CWZ-22 and NP-5. No significant difference was noticed in the removal process of the whole group of phenoxyacetic acids by sorption.
Demographic and socioeconomic pressures resulted in increase of agricultural production, which in turn led to increase in nitrate pollution to groundwater. Biotechnologies create an opportunity to boost the efficiency of groundwater treatment at the ecosystem scale. The aim of the study was to build an underground denitrifying barrier around the manure storing place composed of organic material and to monitor its effectiveness. It was constructed by burying pine sawdust mixes with soil perpendicular to groundwater flow. The preliminary groundwater monitoring gave the average concentration of Ntot equal to 704 mg dm-3, NO3–N equal to 228 mg dm-3and NH4–N to 347 mg dm-3. Preliminary results showed nearly 90% reduction of all forms of nitrogen. The applied technology seems to be an inexpensive tool for diminishing nitrate loads into surface waters and for achieving good ecological status of the entire catchment, as required by the Water Framework Directive.
W artykule przedstawiono planowane ograniczenia w zakresie użytkowania gruntów i korzystania z zasobów wodnych na obszarze ochronnym zbiornika Świnna Poręba, które zostały zaproponowane w celu ochrony wód zbiornika przed degradacją. Przedstawiono wpływ ustanowienia obszaru ochronnego na dokumenty planowania przestrzennego w gminach położonych wokół zbiornika oraz możliwe skutki ekonomiczne utworzenia takiego obszaru. Dodatkową ochronę retencjonowanych wód zapewniają zapisy zawarte w Warunkach korzystania z wód regionu wodnego Górnej Wisły, które wprowadzają ograniczenia w korzystaniu z wód w skali regionu, w tym również zlewni Skawy. Wprowadzenie tych dwóch instrumentów zarządzania zasobami wodnymi – obszaru ochronnego i warunków korzystania z wód – powoduje, iż tworzona jest pełna ochrona przed nadmiernymi dopływami ładunków zanieczyszczeń do zbiornika.
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