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Comment on water potential definition

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The definition of soil water potential is based on the chemical potential of homogeneous medium. The assumption of homogeneity causes many difficulties to arise when such a definition is used for the description of highly heterogeneous soil medium. Another aspect discussed here is the basic of division of a soil water potential onto additive parts (pressure, gravitational, thermal etc.). It has been shown here that this division can be done when only one parameter of state changes, otherwise it is only approximation with possibly high error.
The aim of the research was to analyse the impact of soil water potential on the concentration of aluminium and selected mineral nutrients in soil solution. Soil acidification is a natural process accelerated by agriculture, and one of the most important factors limiting crop production worldwide. Concentrations of aluminium and selected mineral nutrients in solutions obtained from soil at initial pH 4.2 and after liming at various soil water potential were measured in centrifuged soil solution. Our results showed a significant gradual increase in the concentration of Al and most of mineral nutrients (Ca, Mg and P) with decreasing soil water potential from −3.5 kPa to −0.205 MPa. The results are important in the evaluation and interpretation of plant response to aluminium toxicity when accompanied by changes in water availability.
The study aimed at identifying and mapping groundwater potential zones in agricultural intensive Sarada river basin using Remote sensing and GIS technology. Zones of water potentiality were mapped integrating various information layers in GIS environment which eventually helped weighted modeling to arrive at the final outcome. Hydrogeomorphic units such as alluvial plains, valley fills, shallow weathered pediplains and deeply weathered pediplains were mapped. Eventually water potential zones in the basin were mapped and categorised them in to ‘excellent’, ‘good’, ‘moderate’ and ‘poor’. The study highlighted the effective use of Remote sensing and GIS technology for integrated analysis, identification and mapping of the groundwater potential zones in the Sarada river basin.
Relatively little research has been conducted to determine different responses to drought among cultivars of the legume species. The objective of this study was to identify differences in seedlings growth, water relations and leaf conductances resulting from drought imposed on two field bean and two field pea cultivars that had been observed to differ in their drought tolerances, and special emphasis was placed on the root system development. Distinct differences between resistant and sensitive cultivars of field bean and field pea became evident in measurements of the characteristics of the lateral root. The drought treatment induced statistically significant decrease in the number of the developed laterals, their total length and dry matter. In the drought resistant cultivars (field bean Gobo and field pea Solara) this reduction was smaller in comparison with sensitive ones (field bean Victor and field pea Bareness). The effect of drought on growth of tap root in the drought resistant and drought sensitive cultivars was smaller and statistically not significant. The results showed that drought resistant cultivars when compared with drought sensitive one would demonstrate less abundance in the above-ground part and greater dimensions of the root system. The measurements of leaf water potential and stomata diffusive resistance measurements indicate that the physiological reasons for the different reactions to drought between the resistant and the sensitive field bean and field pea cultivars may be due to a more effective protection of the level of tissue hydration and due to increase stomata diffusive resistance in the resistant cultivars. During recovery period it has been also demonstrated that in the drought resistant cultivars a tendency exists for a more complete return to the level of the control plants.
The influence of mycorrhiza with Hebeloma crustuliniforme on plant growth, leaf water potential, leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll content in 3 poplar varieties (P. petrowskyana, P. deltoides cv. Plantierens, P. balsamifera) were investigated. After 11 weeks of plant growth mycorrhizal structures (frequency of mycorrhiza - FF%, intensity of the mycorrhizal colonization - MC% were observed in plant roots belonging to the treatment (M). No statistically significant differences were observed in the frequency of mycorrhiza (F%) and intensity of the mycorrhizal colonization (MC%) in plant roots of the treatment M between the examined poplar cultivars. The frequency of mycorrhiza (FF%) was high, and it reached about 75%, while the intensity of the mycorrhizal colonization (MC%) by fungi hyphae was slightly lower and equaled to from 49 to 58%. For plants, exposed to the inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi, advantageous and statistically significant changes in the measured physiological traits were observed. In this research advantageous differences in reactions between inoculated and non-inoculated poplar cultivars were observed, which was shown in the measurements of some physiological traits. Compared to the control plants (C), in the case of plants of the treatment (M) greater increase in plant height (∆Н), increase in chlorophyll content (SPAD), higher values of water potential (Ψ), and increase - in photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) and water use efficiency (WUE), and decrease in transpiration rate (E), were observed. Although those differences were relatively small, we may presume that if they occur through a longer period they may become more distinct e.g. as a greater increase in height in the inoculated plants.
The response of osteospermum 'Denebola' and New Guinea impatiens • grown on ebb-and-flow benches to different water potential of growing meIplied during whole growing period was investigated by measuring plant growth :ers and stomatal conductance (g,). After cutting establishment, four different In treatments based on soil water potential were applied to osteospermum: ,- 3.0, -10.0, - 20 kPa. In the case of impatiens the last water treatrnent was . Plants were evaluated when they reach one of the three growth stages: lateral shoots development, visible flower buds (osteospermum) or beginning of flowering s) and at flowering. All plants produced with a moderate water deficit (irrigation -3 and - 10 kPa) were more compact than plants irrigated at - 0,5 kPa but 'ering were not affected. Strong decrease in plant growth and flowering was when plants were irrigated at the lowest water potential (-20 kPa). However, for impatiens the highest irrigation frequency was also not favorable. As a result of , the decrease in stomatal conductance (gs) in both plants was observed. ,um was more resistant to water stress than impatiens.
Daily evapotranspiration (EVPT) of two bedding plants osteospermum 'Dened impatiens 'Timor' grown on ebb-and-flow benches was measured by weighing method, together with assessment of indoor climate parameters (solar radiaperature, humidity) and leaf area index (LAI) at different growth phases. The 'on inside the greenhouse as affected by climatic factors i.e.: solar radiation, re, humidity and air velocity was also measured using Piche's evaporome:ts were irrigated according to soil water potential (irrigation at -0.5; -3; -ID 'a). Irrigation at high water potential decreased plant growth and leaf area of lts. LAI of osteospermum decreased as water deficit increased. In the case of .,~ the highest LAI at full flowering obtained plants irrigated at -3 kPa. actual, daily EVPT of plants irrigated at -0.5 kPa increased with plant growth in the case of osteospermum while that of impatiens remained at similar level. At flowering water stress decreased strongly EVPT of osteospermum and in lesser " . of impatiens. Osteospermum irrigated at -0,5 kPa had 2,5 higher EVPT than impatiens. For both plants good, positive correlation between EVPT and daily mean temperature between 7-17 h and evaporation according to Piche' s evaporometr readings were obtained. As expected EVPT was negatively correlated with relative irrespective the growth phase and soil water potential. The correlation and solar radiation, was changed during plant growth due to differences in temperature under shading screen, used during sunny days.
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