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In this work the optimal operation of the water management system is analysed. The fundamental technical elements of the system are the water reservoirs and the network of the pipelines among the water reservoirs and between the water reservoirs and the water purification plants (WPPs). While the simulations of the optimal system operation, the vectors of the optimal flows are calculated, so that the total costs of the system operation determined by the quality factor F are minimal. The analytical solution for the dynamic optimization problem is the result of the application of the Pontryagin’s maximum principle. The simulation models of the optimal operation of the water management system were created in Matlab/Simulink. While the analyses of the results, the optimal control of some actual water management systems may by studied.
The taxonomic composition of macroinvertebrates in the Liwiec River and its tributaries situated in central and eastern Poland was studied during three seasons (spring, summer and autumn). Simultaneously, physical and chemical parameters of water were measured. Water parameters were different in each study period. Macroinvertebrates samples collected in summer and autumn were much more diversified than the samples collected in spring. In the spring samples a greater EPT diversity was observed, while in the samples collected in autumn Odonata, Coleoptera and Heteroptera were more diversified. The values of the BMWP-PL index were slightly higher for the summer and autumn samples than for the spring ones. Correlation between the concentration of oxygen in water and the number of individuals of Plecoptera and Trichoptera larvae was noted. The negative correlation between the values of BOD₅, the concentration of nitrate ions and conductivity, and the number of macroinvertebrate families was observed. A negative correlation also was noted between nitrate and phosphate ion concentrations and the number of individual insect larvae.
The aim of this study has been to determine the response of cyanobacteria to the lake protection and restoration measures implemented in the littoral zone of an urban lake called Jeziorak Mały. The first investigations were conducted in 1996 and were resumed in 1997-2003, 2005 and 2013, following the installation of a separator and the creation of stone accumulation sites. Long-term changes in phytoplankton cyanobacterial proportions, abundance and biomass were analyzed in relation to environmental conditions at the sites in the littoral zone (S – separator pipes, K – sites with stones and R – sites with macrophytes). Relationships between cyanobacteria and water chemistry variables were analyzed by calculating the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, and then with canonical correspondence analysis (RDA). The results provided evidence that water temperature, total nitrogen and iron concentration (S, R), but also PO43- in spring (S,K) were the principal factors affecting cyanobacterial development. There was a significant decrease in the share, abundance and biomass of cyanobacteria coinciding with a decrease in conductivity and PO43- following the onset of lake restoration efforts. Changes in dominant species from the ones typical in hypertrophic lakes to those typically found in eutrophic lakes took place during the research. The modifications indicated a strong initial response of cynaobacteria to the restoration measures, but the situation stabilized in 2013, when cyanobacteria returned to their previous average levels. This suggests that the introduction of lake restortation measures contributed to the lake’s improved water quality and they should be retained for efficient lake management in the future.
Nymphaeion alliance vegetation is dominant floating-leaved vegetation in the Danube–Tisza–Danube hydrosystem in northwestern Serbia and comprises Nymphaeetum albae, Nymphaeetum albo-luteae, Nymphoidetum peltatae and Trapetum natantis associations. Comparative analysis of physical-chemical water parameters on localities where these – in most parts of Europe endangered and vulnerable stands – develop showed that most phytocenoses are associated with specific habitat conditions. Of the analyzed water properties, the factors that cause Nymphaeion alliance phytocenoses differentiation are primarily pH, alkalinity and COD-MnO4. Formation of the Nymphaeetum albae stands is significantly associated with the highest values of pH, COD-MnO4 and alkalinity, and the lowest nitrate, nitrite, dissolved and the total phosphorus content values, in comparison to the other studied associations. Nymphoidetum peltatae stands develop in waters characterized by the lowest pH and COD-MnO4, low alkalinity, and the highest nitrate and nitrite values in relation to the other analyzed phytocenoses. Trapetum natantis stands, on the other hand, prefer the warmer sections of the canal network, neutral pH, and the highest values of BOD5, dissolved and total phosphorus. Habitat conditions in which Nymphaeetum albo-luteae stands develop are of the widest range in comparison to other investigated phytocenoses.
Geobotanical studies conducted in spring in 2011–2012 in the Zagórów polder washland, covered by the ecological restoration programme, provided assessment of current nature value of plant communities and indicated potential directions of their further transformations as a result of changes in habitat water content levels. Based on the analyses of 77 relevés of 50–100 m2 each, prepared following the Braun-Blanquet method, water levels were assessed by phytoindication using moisture indicator values (F) according to Ellenberg et al. (1992). Moreover, nature value of vegetation was assessed based on the botanical structure, geo-historical spectrum, life form structure as well as the nature valuation index in the 10-point scale according to Oświt (2000). Based on relevés the area was valuated using the point score method according to Mahon & Miller (2003). An attempt was made to indicate potential directions of changes in vegetation, based on the determination of dependencies between certain parameters assessing its current condition and habitat conditions. Habitat water content connected with the supply of water through a network of culverts, geomorphology of the area and land use, affects the distribution of phytocenoses in the polder and their considerable diversity, which was confirmed by the identification of 19 plant communities from six phytosociological classes. Further maintenance of water relations and land use results in the transformation of plant communities: in the vicinity of culverts – towards the class Phragmitetea, in swamps and around small water bodies – towards communities of the classes Salicetea purpurea or Alnetea glutinosae, at longer distances from culverts in leveled and agriculturally utilised areas – towards the orders Trifolio fragiferae-Agrostietalia stoloniferae and Molinietalia, while in areas at valley margins the succession progresses towards communities of the class Nardo-Callunetea.
Phytoplankton in the littoral and pelagial zone of the urban Lake Jeziorak Mały were studied between April and October of 2002, 2003 and 2005. The relation between the abundance and biomass of green algae and selected physiochemical water parameters, species diversity and dominants in the total abundance and biomass of green algae were analyzed. The statistically significant relationships was noted between water temperature, oxygen content, total nitrogen and the biomass of green algae at the coefficient of multiple correlation R = 0.4722. Increased the abundance and biomass of green algae were followed by a decrease in water temperature and increase in oxygen content and total nitrogen concentration during their growth in a temperature range of 10.0℃ to 18.8℃. The maximum biomass of green algae was noted in September and the maximum their abundance in October at the highest total nitrogen concentration. In the case of abundance, dominated taxa typical of plankton (Micratinium pusillum, Chlamydomonas spp., Golenkinia radiata, Golenkiniopsis sp., Koliella variabilis and Monoraphidium concortum) and biomass one – filamentous forms as a component of plant periphyton (Spirogyra sp., Stigeoclonium sp. and Ulothrix tenuissima).
Azolla filiculoides Lam. is the second most widely distributed alien aquatic plant in Europe. A native of America, it has become — on account of human mediation — a cosmopolitan species. In Poland, it has been known so far from a few stands in ponds and old river beds. In 2016, it was recorded at six new sites in-between the groynes at the main Oder river bed between Maszewko near Krosno Odrzańskie (52°3′10.69″N, 14°57′13.56″E) and Owczary (52°28′53.59″N, 14°37′30.43″E). The assemblages containing the fern were identified as representing the association Ceratophyllo-Azolletum filiculoidis Nedelcu 1967. Azolla has also entered the phytocoenoses of other floating plant communities. Mean values of several chemical parameters of the water like conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids and nitrate content at the fern stations were significantly higher than the mean values found in the Azolla-devoid sites while the values for hardness (Ca), pH and visibility (Secchi Disc depth) were lower at Azolla sites. In 2017, this alien fern was found to had successfully overwintered in the main bed of Oder river, and its further spread down the river was observed. The appearance of Azolla filiculoides in the Oder may be associated with an exceptionally warm winter; its emergence may also accelerate the species' invasion in Poland.
Oceanologia
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2010
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tom 52
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nr 3
391-416
Variations in the hydrodynamic conditions were studied on the basis of 336 days of measurements with a Doppler current profiler. With wave data as a calibration reference, a semi-empirical hindcast of wave parameters is presented in the fetch- limited near-shore area for the period 1966–2008. A resultant 4–6 cm s−1 westward current dominated along the coast. Occasional fast sub-surface westward currents under modest wind forcing, as well as asymmetrical vertical profiles for westward and eastward currents indicated the influence of upwelling-related baroclinic coastal jets. The average frequency of upwelling was estimated at 17%; some of the events were identified in near-homothermic winter conditions on the basis of salinity and multi-layer flow records. While the mean sea level trend at Narva-Jõesuu roughly approximated the global estimates for 1899–2009, the annual maximum sea level increase was 5–8 mm yr−1. Both mean and maximum wave heights declined as a result of decreasing winds from the north.
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