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Canine hip dysplasia is a complex skeletal malformation caused by genetic and environmental factors. The prevalence of hip dysplasia in different canine breeds ranges widely, from 1% (for Whippet and Borzoi) to over 70% (for Bulldog and Pug). These differences indicate the presence of genetic variants predisposing to or preventing this disorder in gene pools of particular breeds. The importance of genetic factors is also confirmed by a high coefficient of heritability (h2) of canine hip dysplasia, which for most breeds oscillates around 0.5 – 0.6. Application of modern genomic methods, that is, mainly genome scanning (based previously on microsatellite markers and currently on SNP microarrays) has led in recent years to the identification of potential genetic markers associated with this disorder. Such studies were carried out mostly in two breeds: Labrador retriever and German shepherd. Some of the markers were found in the vicinity of genes involved in skeletal development. Following these achievements, the use of some markers has been suggested for early risk diagnosis of hip dysplasia. This shows that molecular testing is becoming important for not only monogenic, but also polygenic canine diseases and disorders. Identification of genetic markers associated with predisposition to hip dysplasia offers an opportunity for an early risk evaluation of this disorder (prior to its first signs). Moreover, it facilitates effective breeding selection aimed at eradicating undesirable genetic variants from the gene pool of a given breed.
The aim of the study was to analyze three cases of radial hemimelia in cats. The illness was diagnosed during the clinical and radiographic examination of the cats, aged between 6 and 16 weeks. Radiographic examination revealed not only the absence of the radial structures of the forearm, deformation of the ulna, but also subluxation of the humeroulnar and anterobrachial joints and the incorrect location of the carpal bones. No attempt was made to treat the abnormal limb in any of the cases. After a few months the cats were examined again. In all three cases the abnormality of the limb resulted in different constraints of physical fitness as well as different developments of degenerative joint disease. No symptoms of distinct discomfort occurred. Adaptation to the abnormality was very good and with simple assistance the cats were capable of living a fairly normal life.
Hemivertebra is a kind of changed vertebra in the spine characterized by uneven vertebral body formation, which can cause curvature of the spine. It is an inherited congenital defect found in both humans and animals. This defect occurs predominantly in brachycephalic breeds, such as French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, Pugs, and Boston Terriers. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence and the degree of development of this pathology in a selected population of French Bulldogs (n = 58), English Bulldogs (n = 9), and Pugs (n = 14). The occurrence of hemivertebrae was evaluated on X-rays performed in lateral and ventral-dorsal projections. Depending on the dog’s size, the voltage ranged between 76 and 54 kV, and the current ranged between 16 and 20 mAs. Hemivertebrae were found in 73% of dogs. The largest number of them were found in French Bulldogs and the fewest in Pugs. In 14% of dogs with confirmed malformation, neurological symptoms occurred. This study indicates that hemivertebrae is a developmental disorder most common in French Bulldogs, and the least frequent in Pugs. However, Pugs, more often than other breeds evaluated here, were diagnosed with hemivertebrae causing neurological disorders. In the thoracic segment of the spine, a hemivertebra usually affects Th5, Th6, Th7, Th9, and Th10. Due to the large prevalence of wedge-shaped vertebrae in brachycephalic breeds, radiographic examination for the presence of this defect is recommended in breeding dogs. Further uncontrolled proliferation of this defect may permanently damage the gene pool of these breeds.
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