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The vitellogenesis in Catenotaenia pusilla was examined by means of electron microscopy. Mature vitelline follicles consist of cells in various stages of development, progressing from immature cells of gonial type near the periphery to mature vitellocytes towards the centre. Maturation is characterised by: (1) increase in cell volume; (2) extensive development of large parallel cisternae of GER, the vitelline material producing units; (3) development of Golgi complexes engaged in vitelline material package; (4) continuous fusion of small vesicles into larger vitelline vesicles and fusion of these into 3 very large vesicles, which are characteristic for mature vitellocytes of this tapeworm. Vitellogenesis in C. pusilla is compared with that in other cestodes. Some conclusions concerning the interrelationship between the vitellogenesis pattern and the type of embryogenesis are drawn and discussed.
Vitellogenesis in Mosgovoyia ctenoides was examined by means of transmission electron microscopy. Mature vitelline follicles consist of cells in various stages of development, progressing from immature cells of gonial type near the periphery to mature vitellocytes towards the centre. Maturation is characterized by: (1) increase in cell volume; (2) extensive development of large parallel cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER), the vitelline material producing units; (3) development of Golgi complexes engaged in vitelline material package; (4) continuous fusion of small vesicles into larger vitelline vesicles and fusion of these into a single very large vesicle, which is characteristic for mature vitellocytes of this tapeworm. Vitellogenesis in M ctenoides is compared with that in other cestodes. Some conclusions concerning the interrelationship between the vitellogenesis pattern and the type of embryogenesis are drawn and discussed.
Vitellogenesis in Wenyonia virilis was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), including the cytochemical detection of glycogen at the ultrastructural level with the periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate (PA-TSC-SP) technique. Mature vitelline follicles have cells in various stages of development, progressing from immature cells of gonial type near the periphery of the follicle to maturing and mature vitellocytes towards the centre. Maturation is characterized by: (1) increase in cell volume; (2) increase in nuclear surface area restoring the N/C (nucleo-cytoplasmic) ratio; (3) nucleolar transformation; (4) extensive development of parallel cisternae of GER, the shell-protein producing units; (5) development of Golgi complexes, engaged in shell-granule/shell-globule formation and packaging; (6) synthesis and storage of glycogen in the cytoplasm; (7) simultaneous, independent formation and storage of intranuclear glycogen; (8) continuous fusion of small shell-granules into larger shell-globules and fusion of these into large shell-globule clusters with a progressive increase in the number and size of the latter; and (9) disintegration of GER in the medial layer of vitellocyte cytoplasm, degenerative changes and accumulation of glycogen and shell-globule clusters within the cytoplasm. The functional significance of numerous shell-globule clusters and the relatively small amount of nuclear and cytoplasmic glycogen is analysed. Unlike vitellogenesis of other caryophyllids, the nuclear glycogen of mature vitellocytes in W. virilis is randomly dispersed in the nucleoplasm and never forms a high central accumulation, the so-called “nuclear vacuole”. The nutritive function of vitellocytes appears greatly reduced in W. virilis, a fact perhaps related to the intrauterine development of the early embryos. The ultrastructure of vitellogenesis in W. virilis is compared with that in other lower cestodes, both monozoic and polyzoic. Conclusions concerning interrelationships of the vitellogenesis pattern of the ultrastructural cytochemistry of mature vitellocytes of W. virilis to intrauterine embryonation, absence of uterine glands and an extensive uterus characteristic for this species, are drawn and discussed.
The present study describes the ultrastructure of mature vitellocytes of the trypanorhynch cestode Progrillotia pastinacae Dollfus, 1946 (Progrillotiidae), a parasite of the common stingray Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Dasyatidae). The vitelline cells of this species measure about 24 μm in length and about 20 μm in width. They have small, elongated, slightly lobulated nuclei, about 4–5 μm in length, with large dense elongated nucleoli and numerous irregularly-shaped dense clumps of heterochromatin. The extensive cytoplasm is rich in numerous cell organelles and cell inclusions. While the perinuclear cytoplasm contains numerous long parallel cisternae of GER, ribo-and polyribosomes, several Golgi complexes and mitochondria, the peripheral cytoplasm contains predominantly three types of cell inclusions: a great number of large lipid droplets, several shell globule clusters, and a very small amount of glycogen-like particles. The most characteristic features of vitellocytes in P. pastinacae are having almost no traces of glycogen and the great number of large, highly osmiophobic lipid droplets representing saturated fatty acids. The presence of large amounts of lipids also in two other trypanorhynchs, Grillotia erinaceus (Beneden, 1858) Guiart, 1927 and Dollfusiella spinulifera (Beveridge et Jones, 2000) Beveridge, Neifar et Euzet, 2004, is in strong contrast to the condition in the most evolved cestodes, Cyclophyllidea, that usually show no trace of lipids.
During vitellogenesis in Parachristianella trygonis Trypanorhyncha, Eutetrarhynchidae) we distinguished four stages: (1) gonial or stem cell stage; (2) early differentiation stage concentrated on protein synthetic activity and shell-globule formation; (3) advanced differentiation stage with main cell activity concentrated on carbohydrate synthesis (glycogenesis) and massive glycogen storage in the form of α-glycogen rosettes and β-glycogen particles; and finally (4) mature vitellocyte stage. Early vitellocyte maturation is characterised by: (1) an increase in cell volume; (2) extensive development of large, parallel cisternae of GER that produce proteinaceous granules; (3) development of Golgi complexes engaged in packaging this material; (4) continuous enlargement of proteinaceous granules within vacuoles and their transformation into shell-globule clusters composed of heterogeneous material. Cytochemical staining with periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate for polysaccharides indicated a strongly positive reaction for the presence of α-glycogen rosettes and β-glycogen particles in the advanced stage of vitellocyte maturation. Both protein synthesis for shell-globule formation and carbohydrate synthesis or glycogenesis, important storage of nutritive reserves for the developing embryos, observed during cytodifferentiation of P. trygonis vitellocytes overlap in time to some extent. Mature vitelline cells are very rich in three types of cell inclusions accumulated in large amounts in their cytoplasm: (1) shell-globule clusters, playing an important role in egg-shell formation; (2) numerous large lipid droplets, as well as a high accumulation of lipid and α-glycogen rosettes and β-glycogen particles that undoubtedly represent important nutritive reserves for the developing embryos. Despite the fact that the type of vitellogenesis and ultrastructure of the mature vitellocyte in P. trygonis appears to differ to some extent from those of three other trypanorhynch species, its general pattern and ultrastructure greatly resembles those observed in other lower cestodes. Factors that may have contributed to the qualitative and quantitative variation in lipids during vitellogenesis among the four species of Trypanorhyncha, are identified and discussed.
Vitellogenesis in Khaxvia armeniaca was examined by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cytochemical staining with periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate (PA-TSC-SP) for specific detection of glycogen at the ultrastructural level. Mature vitelline follicles consist of cells in various stages of development, progressing from immature cells of gonial type near the periphery to mature vitellocytes towards the centre. Maturation of vitelline cells is characterized by: (1) increase in cell volume; (2) increase in nuclear surface area restoring the N/C ratio; (3) nucleolar transformation; (4) extensive development of large parallel cisternae of GER, the shell-protein producing units; (5) development of Golgi complexes engaged in shell-granule/shell-globule vitelline material formation and package; (6) formation and storage of glycogen in the cytoplasm; (7) simultaneous, independent formation and storage of intranuclear glycogen; (8) continuous fusion of small shell-granules into larger shell-globules that fuse into large shell-globule clusters with a progressive increase in the number and size of the latter; and (9) degeneration of GER in the medial layer of vitellocyte cytoplasm with degenerative changes and accumulation of glycogen and shell-globule clusters within the cytoplasm, associated with a massive accumulation of glycogen in the nucleus. The functional significance of the large amount of nuclear and cytoplasmic glycogen and numerous shell-globule clusters is analysed. The ultrastructural aspect of vitellogenesis is compared with that in other monozoic and polyzoic cestodes. Conclusions concerning the interrelationships of vitellogenesis patterns and ultrastructural cytochemistry of mature vitellocytes to the various types of embryogenesis, are drawn and discussed.
A comparison between vitellogenesis in virgin and mated females of Tenebrio molitor showed significant differences at each investigated developmental stage. Yolk protein deposition in oocytes, measured as an increase in their size parameters (length, width, and volume), proceeded much faster and was more efficient in mated females as compared to virgins. In fertilized females the gonadotropic cycle showed a cyclicity with an eight-day period while virgin females finish their vitellogenic stage after the first cycle. These differences were reflected in changes in the rate of protein synthesis in the fat body of females completing vitellogenesis or entering the next oogenetic cycle. In the haemolymph, in addition to a large (158 kDa) and two small (56 kDa and 45 kDa) subunits of vitellogenin, there was an abundance of proteins of 80 kDa and 60 kDa.
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