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The incidence of vascular injury has increased worldwide. In an attempt to quantitate the specific arteries most commonly involved in the extremities, we reviewed 75 patients with extremity trauma who were evaluated with angiography (DSA, digital subtraction angiography). The majority of these injuries were related to motor vehicle accidents (93.3%). The mean age of these patients was 28.16 ± 11.14 years, 94.7% of these patients being male. The ratio of upper to lower extremity arterial trauma was 12 to 86. A total of 99 arterial injuries were detected angiographically. Simultaneous injuries to two and three extremity arteries were identified in 13.3% and 9.3% of patients respectively. The most common arteries injured were the anterior tibial, femoral, peroneal, and popliteal arteries. Associated fractures were present in 86.7% of patients. These data may prove useful to the clinician who evaluates post-traumatic injuries of the extremities.
Blood from the glandular part of hamster gastric mucosa is drained by collecting venules, running from the subepithelial layer towards lamina muscularis mucosae. To visualise vessels involved in the venous outflow, hamsters were exposed to atropine and subjected to intravital ligation of portal vein, causing strong hyperaemia. Distribution of vessels and their connections were studied a) in translucent, flat preparations of the glandular stomach, b) in thick sections of glandular mucosa cleared in the mineral oil, and c) in semi-thin plastic or paraffin sections. Collecting venules were drained by single vessels running parallel to the lamina muscularis mucosae (paramuscular venules), which, in turn, joined submucosal veins through openings in muscularis mucosae. Moreover, some collecting and paramuscular venules discharged into venules belonging to vascular triples composed of two venules and arteriole. The triplets were also parallel to muscularis mucosae. Triplets did not form connections with submucosal veins but passed on the abluminal surface of muscularis mucosae. Thus, some structural elements involved in venous outflow from glandular gastric mucosa differ from those in rats, in which vascular triplets were absent and all collecting venules drained into single paramuscular vessels. Contraction/relaxation of muscularis mucosae may regulate the amount of blood present in the venous system of the mucosa and the diameter of venules. Rhythmical changes of the latter could cause changes in intramucosal pressure, affecting movement of tissue fluid in the mucosa and thus the function of gastric cells.
A number of marine structures fail due to the fatigue damage resulting from cyclic mechanical stress. However, as far as coatings are concerned this degradation factor remains underestimated. In the paper the authors propose the methodology for the evaluation of coating resistance to an impact of repetitive mechanical stress. Typical epoxy coating designated for ship hull protection has been tested in as-received state as well as after pre-exposure to UV radiation and elevated temperature.
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