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Knowledge of surface runoff characteristics allows creating better conditions for landscape management, whether rural or urban. We focused on a determination of a volume of surface water runoff and it velocity in this paper. A direct measurement was done on an experimental area with three different slopes in a laboratory. Results of direct measurements were compared with results from a model SMODERP and NRCS method used in GIS environment. The velocity of surface runoff was also calculated by a mathematical equation used in literature. The results of surface runoff volume from GIS were equal in all cases, but not the velocity. The results of SMODERP simulation and direct measurements are similar. The calculated velocity was the highest in case of first slope, and the lowest in other cases. Differences of the velocity varied in a range 1.10 - 11.06 %. The volume of surface runoff varied more, mainly the results of NRCS Curve Number method in GIS (up to 41 %). The results show that the higher slope, the higher runoff velocity and volume is.
Didelphid marsupials differ in their use of the forest strata, with corresponding differences in morphology and arboreal walking performances. Similar performances may be reached by different combinations of stride length and frequency, but it has been suggested that arboreal walkers increase velocity by longer strides. Our objective was to determine how stride length and frequency contribute to the velocity in the arboreal walking of seven species of didelphid marsupials of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Animals were stimulated to cross five 3-m long horizontal supports of different diameters. The cycle of maximum velocity was chosen to measure relative stride length, frequency, and relative velocity. Except forCaluromys philander, the more arboreal species were faster than the terrestrial species, but maximum velocity of arboreal species was reached by two strategies, increasing stride frequency (Gracilinanus microtarsus, Micoureus demerarae, andDidelphis aurita), or reducing frequency and increasing stride length (Marmosops incanus andC. philander). Increasing velocity in arboreal walking by more frequent strides may reduce oscillations of the body, whereas longer strides may reduce branch swaying. Among the terrestrial species,Philander frenatus performed similarly to more arboreal species, suggesting a potential ability to use the canopy, undetected in field observations.
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