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The specificity of two separate tonoplast permeases transporting oleanolic acid glycosides was investigated in vacuoles isolated from leaf protoplasts of marigold (Calendula officinalis) with the use of chemically synthesized analogs. The results indicate that the proper structure of both parts of oleanolic acid monoglycoside, i.e. aglycon and the sugar moiety, are required for binding to a specific tonoplast carrier.
The possibility of the reversible tonoplast transport of oleanolic acid mono­glycosides was investigated in vacuoles isolated from Calendula officinalis leaf protoplasts. The obtained results point to the reversibility of the transport of monoglucoside I, whereas monoglucuronide F seems to be definitely stored in the vacuolar space.
The influence of exogenous inorganic pyrophosphate on the transport of oleanolic acid monoglucoside and monoglucuronide to vacuoles isolated from Calendula officinalis leaf protoplasts was studied. The results indicate that the transport of both monoglycosides is carrier-mediated; however, the transport of the the monoglucuronide is passive, and that of the monoglucoside active. The active transport of the monoglucoside is dependent on tonoplast energization created as a result of cooperation of two vacuolar proton pumps: H+-ATPase and H+-PPase.
Vacuoles play very important physiological roles in plant cells. Pea root nodules, which exhibit distinct zonation (meristematic zone and central tissue zones), may serve as a good experimental model for the investigations of vacuole development and its importance to cell and tissue functioning. Moreover, the nodule central tissue is composed of both infected and uninfected cells which play different physiological roles and differ in the level of vacuolation. Cytological observations revealed that central vacuoles of the infected cells of the effective nodules expand toward cell walls. Thus only thin layers of the cytoplasm separate each central vacuole from plasma membrane and cell wall. This finding is discussed from the viewpoint of improved exchange of solutes and water between the central vacuole and apoplast of the infected cell. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the vacuoles of infected cells within a fragment of effective nodule central tissue, showed their spatial arrangement. Possible advantages coming from the spatial arrangement of vacuoles within the central tissue are discussed. A comparative study of the central tissue (bacteroidal tissue) and meristem vacuolation of the effective and ineffective pea root nodules is also presented. Morphometric measurements revealed that the effective nodule central tissue was more vacuolated than the ineffective one. It was proved that maturation of the infected cells involves dynamic changes in their vacuolation. Having numerous fixing nitrogen bacteroids, the infected cells of effective central tissue were less vacuolated than uninfected cells. On the other hand, both infected and uninfected cells of the effective central tissue showed a much higher level of vacuolation in nitrogen-fixing zone than cells of the same type in ineffective tissue. These results indicate that vacuolation is an important factor in development and functioning of pea root nodule central tissue.
The role of the yeast vacuole, a functional analogue of the mammalian lysosome, in the turnover of proteins and organelles has been well documented. This review pro­vides an overview of the current knowledge of vesicle mediated vacuolar transport in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Due to the conservation of the molecular transport machinery S. cerevisiae has become an important model system of vacuolar trafficking because of the facile application of genetics, molecular biology and bio­chemistry.
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