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Taking into account the progressive degradation of soils it is important to assess their quality. Soil quality depends on a large number of physical, chemical, biological and biochemical properties. In the publications available, there are presented three approaches regarding the use of soil properties to estimate soil quality: (1) the use of individual properties, (2) the use of simple indexes and (3) the use of complex indexes derived from combinations of different properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility to use enzymes as indicators of forest soil quality. Experimental plots (43) were located in central Poland. The study was carried out in a number of diverse fresh forest sites. To assess the quality of forest soils dehydrogenase and urease activity and the degree of base saturation were used. One of the final conclusions point out that enzymatic activity indicates current site condition as well as the changes that occur in soil better than soil physical and chemical properties. In other words, in comparison to soil enzymatic activity, soil physico-chemical properties constitute a less sensitive indicator of soil changes.
Small granule potato starch (SGPS) produced by "Wielkopolskie Przedsiębiorstwo Przemysłu Ziemniaczanego" during potato starch production season 1999 was investigated to evaluate its physicochemical properties, structure and usability. SPGS was used as a raw material for different modification processes typically applied in the Polish starch industry to obtain both food and non-food products. The obtained preparations were compared with industrial products: food grade modified starches E 1403, E 1404, E 1412, E 1414 and E 1422, as well as two types of preparations for paper industry - oxidised starch for wet end application and corrugated board adhesive. The experimental and reference starch samples were examined by chemical analysis, rheological methods, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. Textural parameters of deserts prepared by means of food grade modified starches as well as some specific functional properties of industrial preparations were investigated. It was found that SPGS like standard potato starch contained quite small amounts of inorganic impurities as well as crude fibre, revealed similar rheological properties but relatively low crystallinity. SGPS due to its unique physicochemical properties could be recommend as a raw material for the production of corrugated board adhesive. Reactivity of SGPS towards sodium hypochlorite was found lower as compare to standard one. On the contrary susceptibility of SGPS to crosslinking with sodium trimetaphosphate seemed to be higher than of standard starch. The texture of food grade modified starches much differed from standard counterparts, which make possible to extent the assortment of these type products.
Anticipating the wide possibilities of different applications of immature cereal grain, the examination of the samples of winter wheat grain, collected in 6 stages from flowering to wax maturity was carried out in 1993. It was found that the degree of the kernel's fulfillment and its biochemical state (mainly the state of carbohydrate and protein complexes) in 30-40 days after flowering was the most suitable for utilisation of immature grain in various applications.
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