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The separation and determination of metoprolol and its metabolites M I (metoprolol acid), M II (2-hydroxy-3-(4-metoxyethylphenoxy)-propanoic acid, M III (a-hydroxymetoprolol) and H 105 (O-desmethylmetoprolol) in human urine by capillary isotachophoresis were investigated. Metoprolol and metabolites M I, M III and H 105 were separated by cationic isotachophoresis in the electrolyte system sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) (c,=10 mM) -ß-alanine. Metabolite M II was separated using the anionic electrolyte system histidine hydrochloride buffer (pH 6.0) (cL = 10 mM) -morpholinoethane-sulfonic acid. Endogenous and the possible exogenous compounds were almost totally removed from urine by solid-phase extraction using a SepPak Cls cartridge. The recovery of compounds varied from 84.6 to 95.8%. The linear calibration range was studied for eventual application of the method to real urine samples. Limit of determination was 0.5 mg/ml.
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The anti-gout activity of methanol and petroleum ether extracts of celery leaves, celery seeds, rosemary, cinnamon and turmeric as functional food components was studied in potassium oxonate treated rats (250 mg/kg body weight, intra-peritoneal). Blood samples were collected from all rats after an overnight fast and after 3 and 6 h from oxonate injection for determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), plasma uric acid, nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Urine samples were collected for 6 h after injection for the determination of uric acid. Assessment of total phenolic contents, fatty acids and unsaponifiable matter (UNSAP) in the plants under study was carried out. Results showed that oxonate treatment produced a significant increase in all studied parameters compared to the healthy rats. Oral administration of different extracts (500 mg/kg body weight) showed a significant reduction in plasma and urine uric acid levels, petroleum ether extract of celery seeds was the most promising. The majority of administered extracts showed significant reduction in inflammatory (ESR and NO) and oxidative stress (MDA) markers with variable degrees. GLC investigation of plants UNSAP revealed the presence of different phytosterols. GLC analysis of the fatty acids methyl ester showed that celery seeds and leaves contained the highest contents of oleic and linoleic acid, respectively. Linolenic acid was only present in celery seeds and leaves. All the studied plants were rich in phenolics; rosemary was superior in this respect. In conclusion, the studied plant extracts showed significantly variable anti-gout activity associated with both antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects, which may be due to the presence of phenolic compounds, unsaturated fatty acids, long chain fatty acids and phytosterols.
A simple and sensitive method for the determination of ß-agonists in animal tissue and urine using thin layer and liquid chromatography was prepared. The development of the method involves optimization of sample clean-up (solid-phase extraction) and chromatographic separation and detection conditions. The recovery of salbutamol and clenbuterol from tissue and urine samples were above 80% and the limit of detection was 1 ng g-1. The method has been used on a routine scale for residue control in samples from meat-producing animals.
The polymorphism of hyaluronidase (EC 3.2.1.35) (Hyase) was studied on a hyalu- ronan-polyacrylamide gel. Liver, placenta, ovary and breast tissue were found to have 7 active isoforms while leukocytes and platelets 5 and fibroblasts displayed no hyaluronidase activity. In serum, synovial fluid and urine soluble the most acidic forms are present. Desialylation showed that most of the hyaluronidase isoforms differ in the content of sialic acid. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, hyaluronidase activity in the synovial fluid varied from not detectable to very high. A partial deficiency was demnostrated in sera from some patients with dysostosis multiplex without mucopolysacchariduria. In I-cell disease, hyaluronidase activity in serum was as that in controls.
The aim of this study was (a) to determine the concentration of fluoride and cadmium in urine of 1240 children ( 635 boys, 605 girls) from Gdańsk, aged 7-14; and (b) to examine whether a correlation exists between age and sex of children, the location of the schools, and the urinary levels of fluoride and cadmium. Fluoride was determined potentiometrically using a fluoride-specific electrode. Cadmium was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean fluoride concentration in urine in children attending two schools located close to a phosphate fertilizer waste disposal site was 2.14 ± 1.16 mg F¯/L, in three others 1.05 ± 0.49 mg F¯/L. The mean cadmium concentration in urine was 0.17 ± 0.19 μg Cd/L. In children aged 7 the cadmium concentration was significantly lower than in older ones.
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