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Preliminary observations of plants collected at a natural locality in Jany (Zielona Góra district, Poland) suggested that in some plants dyads occurred mixed with more or less regular tetrads, monads, triads and polyads. Similar results were obtained in plants growing on an unpolluted site at an experimental field in Modlnica near Cracow and in a highly polluted area close to a postfloatation reservoir at the Żelazny Most copper mine near Rudna (Silesia). However, in the plants growing in contaminated soil a higher degree of degeneration processes was observed. Either dyads or tetrads prevailed in the capitula in the analyzed plants. In some of their loculi, dyads and tetrads were mixed with monads, dyads, triads and/or polyads. Microcytes and pollen grains of different sizes were common. The sterility of mature pollen grain was slightly higher in a plant from Żelazny Most (80-85%) than in its derivative from Modlnica (65-75%). Degeneration of whole anthers in the plant from the polluted locality was frequent. In some anthers the destruction of meiocytes started early, together with precocious abortion of the anther tapetum.
In this paper the content of Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd was studied in forest floor plants of Puszcza Biaµa Forest. Test plants used were lichens, mosses, club-mosses, ferns, convallaria, and bilberries. Puszcza Biaµa Forest belongs to a region free from pollution by heavy metals. Higher content of manganese, as compared with iron, was found in the following plants: Cladonia clavatum (wolf's claw), Dryopteris filix-mas (shield fern), Convalaria maialis (convallaria), and Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry). In lichens and mosses the proportion was the opposite: they contained more iron than manganese. The stated concentration of Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd was very little differentiated considering particular plant species of forest floor. And those were appreciated at the natural level, typical for the unpolluted area of Poland.
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