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The aim of the study was the evaluation of the degree of tumor vascularization in dogs. The examinations were performed on 42 tumors, taken surgically from dogs affected with skin and subcutaneous tissue tumors. Twenty three male and nineteen female mixed breed dogs aged 3 to 15 years were operated. The dogs had not been treated for neoplasma diseases earlier. The tumor samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 24 hours, after which the tissues were dehydrated in increasing concentrations of alcohol and embedded in paraffin. The slides were stained with hematoxyline and eosine. The tumor type was determined according to the current WHO classification. For the endothelium vessel observations immunohistochemical staining was performed with the use of polyclonal antibody directed against the von Willebrand factor (FVIII). The estimation of blood vessel quantity was performed in a microscope equipped with a computer image analysis system. The itratumoral microvessel density was calculated in 10 selected areas. The average of microvessel density was 190 per 1 mm² in malignant tumors and 138/mm˛ in benign tumors. It was found that the degree of malignant tumor vascularization was much larger than that of the benign tumor. Tumor angiogenesis determination can be used for diagnosis, prognosis, as well as for the degree of malignancy classification and metastatic potential.
The aim of the study was to determine the level of vascularization of neoplastic and healthy splenic parenchyma tissue in dogs. The first research group comprised spleen samples with diagnosed tumor changes extracted during splenectomy. Four male and five female dogs, aged between 8 and 13 years and of various races, were operated on. The second group comprised 10 samples of healthy spleen tissue extracted post-mortem. After staining with haematoxylin and eosin, the samples were diagnosed and the tumor type classified according to the official WHO classification. In order to render the vascular endothelium visible, immunohistochemical staining was performed with the use of the polyclonal antibody against the von Willebrand factor F VIII and the DAKO EnVision system. Angiogenesis that was observed in malignant spleen cancer tissue was intensified in comparison to that in healthy perenchyma tissue. The mean vascular density observed in malignant splenic tumors was 87 capillary vessels/mm². The mean vessel density was 60/mm² in lymphomas, while in angiosarcomas it averaged 108/mm². In healthy splenic tissue the observed mean vascular density was 14 vessels/mm². The highest vascular density was noted in tumors with metastases to other abdominal cavity organs (mean - 132 vessels/mm²). The observations may provide practitioners with a valuable prognostic insight into the potential danger of metastasis.
The development of techniques used in the diagnosis and treatment of circulatory system pathologies requires detailed knowledge of coronary arteries. Blood supply to the heart is provided by the left coronary artery (a. coronaria sinistra) and the right coronary artery (a. coronaria dextra). The conventional anatomical nomenclature takes into consideration only the names of the main trunks. The nomenclature of the branches has not been unified, which leads to considerable difficulties in comparative analysis. The aim of the study was to determine the most frequent pattern of vascularization of the dog’s heart. Considering the clinical importance of coronary arteries and their branches, universal nomenclature was suggested.
Domesticated ruminants play a key role in world livestock production, while some other ruminant species are important in the hunting economy. Non-farm species kept in zoological gardens pose a new challenge for veterinarians. In addition, cervids are increasingly often maintained under farm conditions, in which it may be necessary to undertake medical interventions. The pattern of the brain base arteries is one of specific morphological features of species from the suborder Ruminantia, including the domestic cattle, zebu, buffalos, sheep, goats, reindeer and other deer species, giraffes, musk deer and antelopes. A specific feature of the arteries of the brain base in ruminants is the presence of the arterial nasal epidural rete mirabile, and in some species also the caudal epidural rete mirabile. In addition, in these animals the extracranial segment of the internal carotid artery obliterates, and as a consequence, blood flows into the brain by an alternative route from the maxillary artery, via the vasculature of the nasal epidural rete mirabile. It is widely accepted that the retia mirabilia in the system of head arteries in mammals are the anatomical basis of the so-called selective brain cooling. Essentially, this mechanism consists in cooling the warm blood expelled from the left ventricle during the contraction of the heart, which flows to the brain, creating a vast vasculature of the rete mirabile. It is encircled by a cooler blood, returning from the nasal cavity via the cavernous sinus. Retia mirabilia located on the brain base are the main effectors of heat dissipation and protection of the brain from overheating. This mechanism fits into the very current topic of animal welfare.
The study focused on both arterial and venous vessels of bovine testis, including the testicular artery, intratesticular arteries and veins as well as pampiniform plexus. The study involved 64 bovine testes. In 27 testes only arterial, in 22 only venous and in 15 both arterial and venous vessels were studied by corrosive method. The results of the study confirmed the majority of previous observations. The most significant novelty was the observation of variable branches of the testicular artery. The vessel originates on the posterior margin of the gonad. The most common termination of the testicular artery was a division into 2 branches of similar diameter (60%). The arterial network of the mediastinum testis was formed by vascular conglomerates in which centripetal arteries become centrifugal ones. Intratesticular arteries are winding with some short straight parts, whereas intratesticular veins are straight all along their length. The blood vessel topography of the bovine spermatic cord is very similar to that described in other mammals. On the basis of the study, the middle part of the posterior margin of bovine testis is recommended for blind biopsy of the gonad. The choice of this area reduces the risk of damage to major vessels.
The aim of the study was to analyze topography and morphometry of the arteries supplying bulls’ gonads. 30 gonads were used in the study. Corrosive casts of extratesticular arteries were analyzed macroscopically and with stereoscopic binoculars. In our research the testicular artery was the major vessel supplying the bovine masculine gonad. The minor vessels included the deferens duct artery and cremasteric artery. There was no direct connection between those three arteries; however, indirect connections were always present. The anastomoses were formed by a well-developed deferens duct branch of the testicular artery, the deferens duct and cremasteric arteries. This artero-arterial anstomosis had a horseshoe or U-like shape and was located in an area of the tail of the epididymis. The analysis of the diameters of the arteries of the casts showed that in the instance of an occlusion of the testicular artery, collateral circulation formed by the deferens duct artery and the cremasteric artery may be insufficient for the proper blood supply of this organ.
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