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Nickel(II) is reported to be genotoxic, but the mechanisms underlying its genotoxicity are largely unknown. It can interfere with DNA repair and this may contribute to its genotoxicity. We studied the effect of nickel chloride on the repair of DNA damaged by UV radiation or N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in human lymphocytes using the alkaline comet assay. Nickel(II) at 1 μM caused an accumulation of DNA breaks during repair incubation, which could follow from the inhibition of the polymerization/ligation step of UV-damaged DNA repair. On the other hand, nickel(II) inhibited the formation of transient DNA breaks brought by the repair process after incubation with MNNG at 5 μM, which might follow from interference with the recognition/incision step of excision repair. Additionally, nickel at 1 μM inhibited the activity of formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) and 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase II (Alk A), enzymes involved in DNA excision repair. A decrease in endonuclease III (Endo III) activity was observed at 2 and 5 μM of nickel chloride. Our results suggest that nickel(II) at non-cytotoxic concentrations can inhibit various steps of DNA excision repair, and this may contribute to its genotoxicity.
The in vivo and in vitro effects of UV-C (254 nm) exposure (0.039 watt · m-2 · s for 2 h) of currant tomato (Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium), indigenous to Peru and Ecuador, were assayed. H2O2 deposits, dead cells and DNA damage were localized, 12/24 h after irradiation, mainly in periveinal parenchyma of the 1st and 2nd order veins of the leaves, and before the appearance of visible symptoms, which occurred 48 h after irradiation. Cell death index was of 43.5 ± 12% in exposed leaf tissues, 24 h after treatment. In currant tomato protoplasts, the percentage of viable cells dropped 1 h after UV-C irradiation from 97.42 ± 2.1% to 43.38 ± 4.2%. Afterwards, the protoplast viability progressively decreased to 40.16 ± 7.25% at 2 h, to 38.31 ± 6.9% at 4 h, and to 36.46 ± 1.84% at 6 h after the exposure. The genotoxic impact of UV-C radiation on protoplasts was assessed with single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE, or comet assay). UV-C treatment greatly enhanced DNA migration, with 75.37 ± 3.7% of DNA in the tail versus 7.88 ± 5.5% in the case of untreated nuclei. Oxidative stress by H2O2, used as a positive control, induced a similar damage on non-irradiated protoplasts, with 71.59 ± 5.5% of DNA in the tail, whereas oxidative stress imposed on UV-C irradiated protoplasts slightly increased the DNA damage (85.13 ± 4.1%). According to these results, SCGE of protoplasts could be an alternative to nuclei extraction directly from leaf tissues.
Comparative studies of ipe (Tabebuia spp.) wood photodegradation cause by treatment with outdoor and indoor UV-A light irradiation. A study on photodegradation of ipe (Tabebuia spp.) wood by UV A light has been carried out. Two types of lamps were used in the tests, i.e. a UVA-340 lamp with a wavelength of 290 - 400 nm, emitting light resembling natural light, an a UVA-351 lamp with a wavelength of 300 - 400 nm, imitating light found indoors penetrating through window panes. Colour of the samples was measured using a Datacolour 600 spectrophotometer prior and after 1,5, 10, 25, 50 and 100-hour irradiation. Characterization of investigated material included determination of its chemical components. Despite the fact that ipe wood contains high concentrations of components playing an important role in the photodegradation process (e.g. 37.2% lignin) the detected changes are minor and do not exceed 1 point. The change in colour (∆E) for ipe wood surface was mainly caused by changes in the chromatic coordinate (b*) and the lightness coordinate (L*). Greater changes occurred under the influence of a UV-340 lamp emitting the type of light resembling that found outdoors.
Comparative studies of ipe (Tabebuia spp.) wood photodegradation caused by treatment with acid and alkaline buffers. A study on photodegradation of ipe wood using xenon lamp and UV lamp light has been carried out. Colour of the samples was measured using a Datacolour 600 spectrophotometer prior to their soaking in acid and alkaline buffers, after soaking and successively after 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100-hour irradiation. It was concluded that the treatment with acid and alkaline buffers causes opposite changes of the investigated colour coordinates. Samples after treatment with the acid buffer were lighter and yellower in colour, but less red, while after treatment with the alkaline buffer they were darker and redder, bur less yellow. Generally treatment with the alkaline buffer caused more significant changes of ipe wood in comparison to treatment with the acid buffer. Samples treated with the acid buffer were more prone to changes of colour (∆E*) due to light irradiation in comparison to the samples treated with the alkaline buffer. More significant changes of colour were observed in the case of UV irradiation in comparison to irradiation cause by xenon lamp light.
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