Equine sarcoids have been recognized for centuries, but were first characterized by Jackson in 1936. The term sarcoid was originally used to emphasize the clinical and pathological differences from papilloma, fibroma and fibrosarcoma. Sarcoids are the most common skin tumors in horses. They tend to be locally aggressive but they do not metastasize. They affect horses of all ages, types and hair colours without obvious sex predilection and they are commonly encountered worldwide. Sarcoids are recognized as having six different clinical types: verrucose, fibroblastic, occult, nodular, mixed and malignant. All of them can occur at any skin site. The mechanisms of equine sarcoid development are not clear, but papillomaviruses (PV) - BPV-1 and less commonly BPV-2, which belong to the Papillomaviridae family - participate in etiopathogenesis. All PV are strictly species-specific and, even in experimental conditions, do not infect other species. The only known case of cross-species infection is the infection of horses and other Equidae by BPV-1 and BPV-2.
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