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The waste activated sludges had a significant influence on the content of macroelements in Lolium multiflorum whereas waste activated sludges from the Drosed Co. were a better source of nutrients for plants than the waste activated sludge from Siedlce. All other parameters investigated, such as type of soil and liming also had a significant influence on the features investigated.
In 2016 the rules concerning the agricultural land market in Poland changed. This legal reform was aimed at closing access for EU foreigners to the Polish agricultural land market. Prior to these new regulations being introduced, it was speculated whether these changes would lead to the agricultural land market “freezing up”, as the relevant jurisdiction and responsibilities, formerly granted to the Agricultural Property Agency, were taken over by the National Center of Agricultural Support (KOWR ). The analysis was conducted on the basis of subject literature and data was obtained from KOWR . The investigated problems included formal and legal aspects of issuing consents by KOWR for the acquisition of agricultural land located in the Republic of Poland, as well as actual use of the above mentioned instrument by KOWR ’s branch unit in Cracow. The regulation, aimed at closing access for EU foreigners to Polish agricultural land, was constructed in such a way that access to agricultural land was either impeded or made impossible not only for foreign entities but also certain Polish citizens. In accordance with Art. 2a par.4 of the Act on shaping the agricultural system (UKUR ), consent of KOWR is required in the case of agricultural land purchase by entities other than those mentioned in Art 2a par. 3 of UKUR . According to the data obtained from KOWR and presented in the paper, it is evident that this instrument is being practically applied in the Malopolska Province.
In this article we have presented genetic predispositions and the influence of numerous factors that occur during cattle fattening, transport and holding in slaughter plants, on their welfare and subsequently on the occurrence of defective meat, known in the literature as DFD (Dark, Firm, Dry) meat. Such meat is unwillingly bought by contemporary consumers because of its consistency and processing plants cannot intend it for production of durable processed meat due to its compliance to decay. To a great extent the occurrence of this meat defect is caused by people as a result of ignorance and incompliance of cattle welfare. It should also be remarked that there is a rising number of consumers interested in the place of origin of cattle and the way it was treated.
Cathepsin B is a lysosomal cysteine protease exhibiting mainly dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase activity, which decreases dramatically above pH 5.5, when the en­zyme starts acting as an endopeptidase. Since the common cathepsin B assays are performed at pH 6 and do not distinguish between these activities, we synthesized a series of peptide substrates specifically designed for the carboxydipeptidase activity of cathepsin B. The amino-acid sequences of the P5-P1 part of these substrates were based on the binding fragments of cystatin C and cystatin SA, the natural reversible inhibitors of papain-like cysteine protease. The sequences of the P'1-P'2 dipeptide fragments of the substrates were chosen on the basis of the specificity of the S'1-S'2 sites of the cathepsin B catalytic cleft. The rates of hydrolysis by cathepsin B and papain, the archetypal cysteine protease, were monitored by a continuous fluores­cence assay based on internal resonance energy transfer from an Edans to a Dabcyl group. The fluorescence energy donor and acceptor were attached to the C- and the N-terminal amino-acid residues, respectively. The kinetics of hydrolysis followed the Michaelis-Menten model. Out of all the examined peptides Dabcyl-R-L-V-G-FE(Edans) turned out to be a very good substrate for both papain and cathepsin B at both pH 6 and pH 5. The replacement of Glu by Asp turned this peptide into an exclusive substrate for cathepsin B not hydrolyzed by papain. The substitution of Phe by Nal in the original substrate caused an increase of the specificity constant for cathepsin B at pH 5, and a significant decrease at pH 6. The results of kinetic studies also suggest that Arg in position P4 is not important for the exopeptidase activity of cathepsin B, and that introducing Glu in place of Val in position P2 causes an increase of the substrate preference towards this activity.
The waste activated sludge from Siedlce contained the largest amount of sulphur (7.4 g kg-1 of DM) and the lowest FYM (0.9 g kg-1 of DM). The largest amount of nitrogen was determined as coming from the waste sludge from the poultry processing factory Drosed (89.2 g kg-1 of DM) and the lowest in the FYM (18.7 g kg-1 of DM). During one year of the incubation of the organic materials investigated, the rate of mineralization of sulphur and nitrogen compounds differed greatly and was influenced by the parameters investigated, such as the kind of soil and waste under the activation of sludge as well as the liming process.
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