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This manuscript reports that for tulip bulbs ( Tulipa gesneriana L. 'Apeldoorn'), simultaneous application of methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) with gibberellic acid (GA) increases gum formation in the bulbs, compared to JA-Me applied alone. After the dry scales of the bulbs were removed, the bulbs were treated with JA-Me and GA starting from the beginning of July 20 until November 30. Treated bulbs were stored in a laboratory room in natural light conditions. Gums produced by each treatment were weighted one month after treatment. JA-Me, at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0% in lanolin, was applied alone, and also applied simultaneously with GA at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0% in lanolin. All the concentrations of GA applied simultaneously with JA-Me, substantially stimulated gum production in tulip bulbs. The production of gums decreased gradually from the beginning of October. The possible mode of action of GA to stimulate gum production in tulip bulbs is also discussed. The focus is on sugar metabolism and ethylene production.
The effect of D,L-β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) on the growth and development of the root system and the development of fusariosis on tulip bulbs cv. Apeldoorn infected by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tulipae (F.ox.t. 218) was studied. The length and fresh weight of roots, the development of fusariosis on bulbs and the linear growth of mycelium of F.ox.t. 218 on PDA medium were measured. Preventively used BABA at a concentration of 100, 250 and 300 µg·cm⁻³ for soaking uncooled and cooled tulip bulbs greatly inhibited the development of fusariosis on the root system; the length and fresh weight of roots were similar to those of the bulbs not inoculated with F.ox.t. 218. At a concentration of 100 µg·cm⁻³, BABA used for soaking bulbs limited the development of fusariosis on scales in about 50% and the concentration of 200 µg·cm⁻³ totally inhibited the disease symptoms induced by F.ox.t. 218. At a concentration of 100 - 1000 µg·cm⁻³, BABA did not inhibit the mycelium growth of F.ox.t. 17 and F.xo.t. 218 on PDA medium. This study suggests that BABA protects tulip roots and bulb scales against F. oxysporum f. sp. tulipae by inducing resistance in these organs and has no direct influence on the pathogen.
The interaction of epibrassinolide (epi-BL) with auxin in tulip stem growth and ethylene production were studied. Excision of all leaves and flower bud in isolated shoots (about 5 cm long) of tulip almost totally inhibited stem growth. IAA at both concentrations (0.1% and 1.0%) greatly induced the growth of tulip shoot, but higher concentration at IAA in smaller degree stimulated the growth. Epibrassinolide at concentration 0.05 µM applied simultaneously with auxin did not affect tulip stem growth induced by IAA treatment alone. However, higher concentration of epi-BL (1.0 µM) stimulated tulip stem growth induced by IAA at both concentrations. IAA at both concentrations stimulated ethylene production in the stem internodes of tulips. Higher concentration of auxin stimulated ethylene production more than low concentration. Epibrassinolide applied simultaneously with auxin evidently enhanced ethylene production measured 3 and 5 days after treatment in comparison to IAA treatment alone.
The inhibitory effect of crab-shell chitosan. medium (200-800 cps) and high molecular weight (800-2000 cps) (purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals) toward Alternaria alternata , Botrytis tulipae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. callistephi, Fusarium oxysporllm f. sp. tulipae, Phoma narcissi and Phoma poolensis was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The chitosan evidently inhibited in vitro growth of all tested pathogens, with a marked effect at higher concentrations above 200 Ilg/cm3. Chitosan at a concentration 01' 1.25; 2.5 and 5.0 mg/cnY didn't have inhibitory action in appearance of fungi growth on naturally contaminated Callistephlls chinensis seeds. At the same concentrations, chitosan applied as bulb scales dressing of Hymenocallis narciss (flora bulbs, before inoculation or after inoculation with Phoma narcissi, inhibited the development of necrotic spots on scales. Chitosan used preventively or curatively at a concentrations of 1.25; 2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm3 indicated inhibitory effect on development of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Tulipae on tulip bulbs. Chi to san at a concentration of 10 mg/cm3 applied preventively (first spray 12th June) was very effective in the control of Puccinia antirrhini on snapdragon in the field. The strongest inhibitory effect was observed on snapdragon treated 8 times at week intervals.
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