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The research was conducted in pine stands where selective early and late thinning was carried out with the use of NIAB 5-15 and HYPRO 450 debranching and cutting processors along with a FRANSGÅRD V-6000 GS cable winch aggregated with farm tractors. In case of cut-to-length system, timber harvesting was executed by means of processors and in case of tree-length system – by means of a cable winch. The harvested timber was forwarded to the depots in the second stage with the use of self-loading trailers or skidded with the use of a cable winch. Tree damage in case of processor technology oscillated at the level of 3.1-11.3%, and in case of a cable winch: 3.0-10.9%. The level of damage to the regeneration layer amounted to 4.1-27.1% for the areas where processors had been used. For the areas where timber was harvested by means of a cable winch, the level of tree damage was 5.2 -14.0% of trees growing under the main stand’s crown layer.
The new look at the forest economy takes into considerationmaximum protection of forest ecosystems, first of all. The purpose of the research was to estimate the influence of wood harvesting and skidding technologies on forest environment, particularly on soil and remained stand. The traditional wood harvesting and skidding technology (compact sawing machine, tractor with winch) was more friendly for soil environment than the newest technology (harwarder). Decrease of the negative influence of engineering wood harvesting and skidding process on forest environment is possible through application of both technologies and technical means correctly selected for the purpose. Besides, the operator’s practice is of a significant meaning.
The paper presents an evaluation of health condition of selected oak stands in the Włoszakowice Forest Division based on a synthetic tree damage index. Field work was conducted in 2007-2008. In order to perform this task seven experimental sites were established, with 25 trees from Kraft’s age classes I-III evaluated in each. It was found that the overall health condition of most stands deteriorated in 2008 in comparison to 2007.
The paper presents the dimension of damage in fir and spruce upgrowth during light felling, carried out in predominant stand of mountain forests. The work was limited to the analysis of damage in up growth. Weak relation between the quantity of obtained wood and the dimension of damage in renovations defined to what extent the morphological build of predominant forest and trees location in the area influence the dimension of damage during cutting. Total dimension of all types up growths damage ranged from 2.6 to 12.6 in pine stand and from 1.7 to 4.7 in spruce stand.
First outbreaks of the pine wood nematode in Portugal and in Europe were reported in May 1999 on the Setúbal Peninsula (about 30 km from Lisbon) on Pinus pinaster. The demarcated zone originally 306 000 ha, currently covers the whole Portuguese mainland and the Island of Madeira. In Spain this nematode was reported first time in Nevember 2008 in Extramadura region (close to the border with Portugal) on one tree of Pinus pinaster with the symptoms of the pine wilt disease. In Portugal the current efforts to reduce the pine wood nematode spread are not effective enough. Because of a risk of the pine wood nematode occurrence in other part of Europe, all countries of the European Union take action to prevent further spread of the nematode on their territory.
The level of damages in regeneration caused by manual and mechanical technologies under short wood (assortment) and long wood systems of timber harvesting is presented in this paper. Studies were carried out under different physiographic conditions of southern Poland, i.e. mountain regions (Jeleśnia Forest District, Forest Experimental Station in Krynica), submountain regions (Gromnik Forest District), and lowland regions (Krzeszowice Forest District), in coniferous as well as broadleaf stands where final cuttings and selection thinnings were conducted. The lowest damage level was found in mountain stands, and during early thinnings, while the highest level in lowland stands, and during final cuttings. In the case of technologies used under short wood system the level of damages was by 30% higher than in the case of long wood system.
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