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This study was conducted to determine the effect of different plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains on growth and quality of cauliflower transplants under greenhouse conditions. The strains of Bacillus megaterium TV-3D, B. megaterium TV-91C, Pantoea agglomerans RK-92, B. subtilis TV-17C, B. megaterium TV-87A, B. megaterium KBA-10 were used in this study. The results of this study showed that different bacterial inoculations increased plant growth parameters such as fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, root diameter, root length, fresh root weight, dry root weight, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and chlorophyll contents of cauliflower transplant respectively. Except for abscisic acid (ABA), the values of gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), indole acetic acid (IAA) was increased by ratio of 23.64, 89.54 and 25.63%, respectively in compared to the control by application of B. megaterium KBA-10 and P. agglomerans RK-92. The amount of organic acids with B. subtilis TV-17C PGPR applications have increased at a ranging ratio from 9.63 to 186.02%. Also, PGPR inoculations increased the macro and micro nutrient content of cauliflower transplants. As a result, the use of bacteria treatments may provide a means of improving transplant growth and quality in cauliflower.
During a period of 60 days assays were carried out with the moss Pohlia nutans transplanted from an uncontaminated control site to a dump consisting of a heavily polluted mine and smelter wastes located near Wałbrzych in southwestern Poland. Within the same period also samples of native P. nutans growing on the dump substrate were collected together with the same species from a control site. Concentrations of Al, Fe, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn, as well as N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, were determined in P. nutans, the dump substrate and the soil of the control site. Atmospheric deposition was the main contribution to the levels of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in the native and transplanted P. nutans on the examined dump. The obtained results indicate that the transplanted P. nutans accumulated significantly more Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn than the native moss.
Four field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of the use of plane (Titan, Karnaval, Festival, and Natalka) and curled-leaf cultivars (Paramount, Petra), the quality of transplants raised in different cell volumes (95, 69.3, 32.0, 25.6, 10.0 cm³), Jiffy pots - (112.5 cm³) and the number of plants per cell (1, 2, and 3), as well as plant cover in the field with perforated foil fleece, and plastic tunnel on yield and nutritional value of parsley leaves. Harvest of leaves was conducted three times: in early July, at the end of August, and mid October. The samples of leaves were collected for evaluation of the content of vitamin C and nitrates. All plain leaf cultivars significantly overyielded those of curled-leaf and the highest total leaf biomass was produced by 'Karnaval' appreciated also for its high value of vitamin C, but showing a tendency to nitrate accumulation. Jiffy pots and multicell trays with the cell volumes 95.0 and 69.3 cm³ were preferable for the quality of seedlings and total yield of leaves obtained during three subsequent harvests. The enhanced number of seedlings produced in the cell had disadvantageous effects on the yield and nutritional value of parsley, expressed by a decreased amount of vitamin C and higher value of nitrates in the first two harvests. The most suitable for covering plants of leafy parsley proved to be fleece, followed by perforated foil and plastic tunnel. All these covers caused an increment of vitamin C and a decrease in nitrate accumulation in leaves.
The influence of air pollution on epiphytic lichens in Košice city has been studied. We observed differences in number of species as well as lichen abundance at sites close to a steel factory south of the city, the city center, and peripheral parts north of the city. For the city center and sites close to steel factory, lichens more tolerant to pollution from Zone 3-4 were typical. However, on the north periphery of the city (site “Alpinka”) we found even Ramalina fastigiata, a typical member of zone 7, which include lichens very sensitive to air pollution [30]. We demonstrated by chlorophyll analysis of transplanted Hypogymnia physodes, that chlorophyll a degradation (expressed as ratio of OD 435/OD 415) negatively correlates with degree of lichen diversity and abundance at the studied sites. Using EDX-microanalysis we determined amounts of elements in lichen thalli of Lecanora chlarotera, Physcia tenella and bark of the tree Populus tremula (lichen substrate) near U.S. Steel in Košice due to determine the chemical nature of air pollution. Similarly, we analyzed the amount of these pollutants in control lichens Flavoparmelia caperata, Ramalina fastigiata and Physcia aipolia, grown in northern peripheral parts of the city. We demonstrated possibilities to parallel the use of several methodologies in assessment of air pollution by lichens in urban areas with intensive industry.
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