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Stilbene synthases (STSs) are enzymes that play a critical role in the biosynthesis of stilbene, phytoalexins in a small number of unrelated plant species, and are induced by various biotic and abiotic stressors like pathogen attack, UV-irradiation or ozone exposure. To investigate the molecular basis for ozone-induced plant stress responses, we have examined the promoter of the grapevine resveratrol synthase (Vst1). In this report we summarize the influence of ozone on gene regulation. In transgenic tobacco a chimeric gene construct, containing the Vst1 promoter combined with the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, is rapidly induced by ozone (0.1 µl·l⁻¹, 12 h). The same construct is also strongly induced by ethylene (20 µl·l⁻¹, 12 h). Promoter deletion analysis of the 5′ flanking sequence identified a positive regulatory element between −430 bp and −280 bp. This region contains ethylene-responsive enhancer elements, as well as an elicitor-responsive sequence in inverse orientation.
H. pylori ureA and ureB genes encoding both subunits of urease were expressed transgenically in a low-alkaloid line of tobacco (LA Burley 21). Analysis of transgene expression at both the mRNA and protein levels revealed a significant increase (up to 8-fold) in ammonia concentration correlated with an amount of UreB protein detected in the leaves, and an increase (up to 2-fold) in urease activity in transformants as compared to control plants.
Previous studies argue that salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in the plant signal transduction pathway(s) leading to disease resistance. It has been proposed that one of its modes of action is inhibition of catalase and elevation of H₂O₂ level in the tissue. To verify the role of SA and H₂O₂ during pathogenesis, transgenic tobacco plants expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae CTA1 gene coding for peroxisomal catalase were constructed. These plants possess 2-4-fold higher total catalase activity under normal growth conditions. No symptoms of chlorosis and/or necrosis were observed. Levels of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR) and their respective mRNAs were significantly reduced in the infected leaves of the transgenic plants. No change in PR expression was detected in uninfected leaves of both CTA1 and control plants challenged with TMV. These results suggest that elevation in catalase activity and resulting reduction of H₂O₂ level results in more severe local disease symptoms, apparently due to alteration of the hypersensitive response mechanism and does not influence systemic acquired resistance after viral infection.
Wheat germin is a homopentameric 125 kD glycoprotein mainly localized in the cell wall of monocots, and is a specific marker of the onset of growth in germinating seeds. The major objective of this study was to examine the expression and oxalate oxidase activity of two wheat germin isoforms: gf-2.8 and gf-3.8 in transgenic tobacco plants. The transgenic tobacco plants were created with different constructs: 1) one entire excision of gf-2.8 germin promoter and two partially deleted promoter sequences were used to generate 3 independent GUS constructs; 2) the whole gf-2.8 gene construct and the fusion with CaMV 35S promoter; 3) one entire excision of gf-3.8 germin gene and one partially deleted gf-3.8 promoter sequences were used to generate 2 independent GUS constructs; 4) the whole gf-3.8 gene and the fusion with CaMV 35S promoter. Hormonal treatment (auxin and gibberellin), salt treatment, heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, As) and Al induced high GUS activity in tobacco transformed with entire and one partially deleted of the gf-2.8 gene. The immunoblotting confirmed induction of gf-2.8 gene and its product expressed oxalate oxidase activity in tobacco transformed with the entire gf-2.8 construct. Neither nicotinic acid, salicylic acid, heat shock, cold nor UV-C have enhanced significant GUS activity and germin gf-2.8 synhesis and activity. The germin gf-3.8 constructs with GUS gene and with the entire gf-3.8 sequences gave non-positive response with factors mentioned above. It has been demonstrated that gf-3.8 germin isoform is present as a monomer (Mr 25 kD). The non-active gf-3.8 protein is synthetised in transgenic tobacco plants only under control of the CaMV 35S promoter. Consequently, among two germin isoforms, only the gf-2.8 protein seems to be regulated by hormonal, salt and heavy metal factors. The gf-2.8 oxalate oxidase activity could be then involved in general stress-induced signalling in plant.
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