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Successful experiments involving the production of transgenic mice by pronuclear microinjection are currently limited by low efficiency of random transgene integra­tion into the mouse genome. Furthermore, not all transgenic mice express integrated transgenes, or in other words are effective as functional transgenic mice expressing the desired product of the transgene, thus allowing accomplishment of the ultimate experimental goal - in vivo analysis of the function of the gene or gene network. The purpose of this review is to look at the current state of transgenic technology, utiliz­ing a pronuclear microinjection method as the most accepted way of gene transfer into the mouse genome.
Somatic cell cloning technology in mammals promotes the multiplication of productively-valuable genetically engineered individuals, and consequently allows also for standardization of transgenic farm animal-derived products, which, in the context of market requirements, will have growing significance. Gene farming is one of the most promising areas in modern biotechnology. The use of live bioreactors for the expression of human genes in the lactating mammary gland of transgenic animals seems to be the most cost-effective method for the production/processing of valuable recombinant therapeutic proteins. Among the transgenic farm livestock species used so far, cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and rabbits are useful candidates for the expression of tens to hundreds of grams of genetically- engineered proteins or xenogeneic biopreparations in the milk. At the beginning of the new millennium, a revolution in the treatment of disease is taking shape due to the emergence of new therapies based on recombinant human proteins. The ever-growing demand for such pharmaceutical or nutriceutical proteins is an important driving force for the development of safe and large-scale production platforms. The aim of this paper is to present an overall survey of the state of the art in investigations which provide the current knowledge for deciphering the possibilities of practical application of the transgenic mammalian species generated by somatic cell cloning in biomedicine, the biopharmaceutical industry, human nutrition/dietetics and agriculture.
Functional modeling of human genes and diseases requires suitable mammalian model organisms. For its genetic malleability, the mouse is likely to continue to play a major role in defining basic genetic traits and complex pathological disorders. Re­cently, gene targeting techniques have been extended towards developing new engi­neering strategies for generating extensive lesions and rearrangements in mouse chromosomes. While these advances create new opportunities to address similar ab­errations observed in human diseases, they also open new ways of scaling-up mutagensis projects that try to catalogue and annotate cellular functions of mamma­lian genes.
 Despite the extensive research efforts over the past 25 years that have focused on HIV, there is still no cure for AIDS. However, tremendous progress in the understanding of the structure and biology of the HIV virus led to the development of safe and potent HIV-based transgene delivery vectors. These genetic vehicles are referred to as lentiviral vectors. They appear to be better suited for particular applications, such as transgene delivery into stem cells, compared to other viral- and non-viral vectors. This is because Lentivirus-based vectors can efficiently infect nondividing and slowly dividing cells. In the present review article, the current state of understanding of HIV-1 is discussed and the main characteristics that had an impact on vector design are outlined. A historical view on the vector concept is presented to facilitate discussion of recent results in vector engineering in a broader context. Subsequently, a state of the art overview concerning vector construction and vector production is given. This review also touches upon the subject of lentiviral vector safety and related topics that can be helpful in addressing this issue are discussed. Finally, examples of Lentivirus-based gene delivery systems and their applications are presented, with emphasis on animal transgenesis and human gene therapy.
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