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This article presents the analysis of profitability of the transformation of the perpetual usufruct right into the property right, at various moments of binding of this right, on the basis of the empirical formula presented in the respective act of law – the Ordinance of the Council of Ministers, concerning real estate appraisal and the estimate statement. It has been analysed how the fee for the transformation method of the perpetual usufruct right to the property is modified depending on the adopted rate of capitalization, the interest rate on the annual fee, and the number of remaining years of the unused perpetual usufruct right.
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The paper deals with the conformal mapping of finite, plane, simply connected domains, representing oceans, lakes, estuaries, bays, lagoons, and other natural water bodies of this kind. As a rule, they are bounded by geometrically complex shorelines. The partial differential problems investigated in Oceanology and posed in such domains have turned out to be difficult to solve for at least three reasons. They follow on from the mathematical properties of the differential equations governing such problems, from the just-mentioned geometrical complexity of the domains of solution, and from the sensitivity of the solutions to boundary conditions. In view of the last reason the contours admitted as boundaries of the domains of the solution ought to be as close to the real shorelines as possible. The obviously inaccurate approximation of the shorelines by ‘staircases’, which appears rather often (cf. Catewicz & Jankowski 1983, Lin & Chandler-Wilde 1996) as a consequence of applying finite difference methods to the solution of the partial differential problems, raises serious doubts from the point of view of Numerical Fluid Mechanics. It is recalled in the paper that such inaccuracies are not unavoidable: that complicated plane domains can be transformed accurately by means of properly applied conformal mapping onto regular, canonical domains – in particular, onto discs or squares. Such a transformation is demonstrated on the rather difficult example of the Vistula Lagoon. The transformation begins with the decomposition of the domain into five plane subdomains, each one of which is eventually transformed onto a disc. Every such result is arrived at quite independently of the remaining subdomains, by means of a set of properly selected consecutive mappings. Hence, the final canonical domain consists in this case of a system of five discs which, however, within the framework of this differential problem, have to be treated as interconnected. The interconnections involve images of four segments of straight lines, separating the original subdomains. The transformations and the resulting canonical domain presented in the paper are intended to be applied to the solution of certain hydrodynamical problems concerning the Vistula Lagoon, which will be published elsewhere.
The paper presents results of the studies conducted to determine causes and directions of transformations in vegetation of meadow-pasture communities in the area of the Wielki Łęg Obrzański [Great Obra Floodmeadows]. Multifaceted natural and habitat analyses were conducted on over 1800 relevés prepared in the vegetation seasons of 2005–2009 according to Braun-Blanquet. On their basis the phytosociological and floristic structure was analysed and habitat conditions were determined by phytoindication. Moreover, laboratory methods were applied in soil analyses to determine contents of basic macro- and microelements and groundwater table levels were recorded. Results referred to the documentation and archive literature made it possible to determine causes of transformations in plant communities in that area and outline probable directions in which succession was progressing. A lack of regular land use patterns is seen as the primary cause for the transformation in the flora of the Wielki Łęg Obrzański, particularly in the last 20 years. A considerable limitation of land use in certain sections of this area has led to the initiation of dominance of nitrophilic species such as Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense, Potentilla anserina or Galium mollugo, while in the thinned sward it led to the development of grass species with very limited economic importance. Another equally important factor affecting the structure of vegetation cover is connected with air and water relations in soils, determined by the drainage system operating there for the last 200 years and by precipitation.
in the paper I present the changes in geographical education in context of political, economic and social transitions during the period of transformation. Teachers, who experienced consequences of those transitions, bring some elements of postcommunistic past to their ways of thinking and acting in neoliberal present times. Coexistence of two axio-normative systems implies uncertainty and tension in teachers' didactic and educational work, as well as force them to take up the difficult decisions. From the moral perspective those decisions focus on choosing between the ideal of perfection and rightness or the personality perfection. The teachers bear the long-term responsibility in front of themselves and their students for the choices they made on the field of teaching geography.
The research concerned transformations of soils in the areas of Early-Medieval strongholds and connected differences in floristic composition between forest communities from strongholds and non-synanthropic habitats. The study focused on two areas where Early-Medieval strongholds were situated – Gronowo and Płutowo (Chełmińska Upland, Northern Poland) – surrounded by various types of soils: rusty soils and black earths, respectively. Detailed pedological and floristic-phytosociological investigations were carried out in the sites and their vicinity. Transformations of Tilio-Carpinetum corydaletosumphytocoenoses were performed with respect to the specificity of soils at the settlements and their anthropogenic enrichment in biogenic elements (C, N, P) to a considerable depth.
Unemployment, which also hits people with higher education, is one of the major socio-economic problems in Poland. This unfavourable situation is caused by the wrong conception of higher education which doesn't prepare graduates for employers' requirements. Curriculum strategies that have been followed contributed to the situation where many faculties at universities are perceived as the admission pass to professions poorly paid or even as those ones that don't give the opportunity of finding any job in the future. The author of this paper presents results of research performed among graduates of geographical studies in the system of two-stage studies (Bachelor's three-year studies and Master's two-year studies) and Master's five year-studies at Pedagogical University of Cracow. The main aims of this research were as follows: • Getting to know how graduates assess the competences acquired during their studies. These competences are regarded as the key ones in tuning research on a European scale; • Getting to know geographical studies graduates' plans, expectations and attitudes towards challenges of labour market. The results obtained proved that geography graduates, especially those with Bachelor's degree assessed most of the key competences as good and very good. Criteria which are taken into account while choosing a job are not dependent on money. The dominant criteria are the ability to join work with passions and the prospects for professional development. Respondents declared the intention to look for a job in the education sector and the civil service by means of the direct contact with an employer.
Two-color DNA microarrays are commonly used for the analysis of global gene expression. They provide information on relative abundance of thousands of mRNAs. However, the generated data need to be normalized to minimize systematic variations so that biologically significant differences can be more easily identified. A large number of normalization procedures have been proposed and many softwares for microarray data analysis are; available. Here, we have applied two normalization methods (median and loess) from two packages of microarray data analysis softwares. They were examined using a sample data set. We found that the number of genes identified as differentially expressed varied significantly depending on the method applied. The obtained results, i.e. lists of differentially expressed genes, were consistent only when we used median normalization methods. Loess normalization implemented in the two software packages provided less coherent and for some probes even contradictory results.In general, our results provide an additional piece of evidence that the normalization method can profoundly influence final results of DNA microarray-based analysis. The impact of the normalization method depends greatly on the algorithm employed. Consequently, the normalization procedure must be carefully considered and optimized for each individual data set.
The article is devoted to a review and analysis of restructuring in the rural economy of Ukraine in the past 25 years, being the years of the country’s independence. The main issues have been noted, one of the most influential being the chaotic and unregulated development – based not on thought-through policies, but on the urge of various business groups to achieve high incomes and control over the market, leaving most of the rural inhabitants without proper support and with underdeveloped infrastructure. The main changes in the 1990s and 2000s have been reviewed with the focus on their influence upon the rural economy. Agricultural production indicators have been analysed, including the structure of areas under crops, changes in the production of main agricultural crops, quantity of livestock, including poultry, as well as economic issues, such as incomes in the sector. Vast analysis is given of factors which influence the undergoing processes in Ukrainian rural economy (in particular the state agricultural support system and quality of reforms in agriculture), as well as local endogenous factors (reluctance of rural inhabitants to develop and take personal initiative).
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Entrepreneurship of rural residents in Poland

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The transformations that occur in rural areas are intended to increase the diversity of the countryside by extending the previously performed functions, both economic and social. This increases the importance of entrepreneurship among rural residents to cope with quite diffi cult facts, which had an undeniable impact on the quality of life. The aim of the study is to evaluate the entrepreneurship of the rural residents in comparison with living in cities. We have taken into account as the entrepreneurial attitudes as entrepreneurial actions. The important area of the analysis was the assessment of the relationship between these two aspects of entrepreneurship. The conducted studies have shown, that the entrepreneurial potential of the rural population in Poland is relatively high. In these terms, from the point of view of both the entrepreneurial attitudes and actions, residents of the rural areas are not falling behind the residents of cities. At the same time, entrepreneurial activities undertaken by them, remain in relation to their entrepreneurial attitude.
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