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The study was performed in 20 children with partial anterior open bite and in 20 children of a control group. Stereognosis was evaluated on the basis of correct recognition responses to silicone pieces of the different shapes. Pieces were put on the dorsal surface of the tongue close to its apex. It was evident that the stereognostic ability was impaired in children with anterior open bite. This ability also decreased after infiltration anaesthesia of the tongue. The study indicated that the tongue plays an important role in oral stereognosis.
The distribution and three-dimensional structure of the lingual papillae were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. The elongated tongue in the bank vole is about 12 mm in length and about 3 mm in width. The characteristic features of the tongue are the median sulcus on the apex of the tongue, considerable narrowing in the body of the tongue and a well developed intermolar prominence. On the surface of the apex and body of the tongue three morphological types of the filiform papillae and fungiform papillae were observed. The intermolar prominence of the tongue is covered with conical and saw-like filiform papillae. On the posteriolateral margin of the intermolar prominence two foliate papillae were found. A single oval vallate papilla was situated in the median line of the anterior part of the root of the tongue. The posterior part of the lingual root is flat without papillae. The distribution and types of the lingual papillae found in the bank vole are similar to those in species of the Microtinae family.
Examinations were conducted on four tongues of adult rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). On the basis of observations in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) it was found that fungiform papillae in the rabbit are located on the dorsal surface of the apex and body of the tongue, in the front of the torus of the tongue and on the margins of the tongue. Moreover, fungiform papillae are located laterally in relation to the torus of the tongue and are arranged linearly. Fungiform papillae are distributed among filiform papillae and are separated from them by the interpapillary epithelium. The connective tissue core of fungiform papillae is formed from the body, narrow at the base and wider at the apex and 10-17 crest-like folds arranged around them. On the dorsal surface of the connective tissue core of fungiform papillae there are impressions of taste buds and occasionally traces of lymphatic nodules.
On the root of the tongue in the rabbit there are two symmetrically located vallate papillae, covered by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The epithelium is characterized by variable thicknesses, forming epithelial streaks of different length and irregular shape. Taste buds are found both in the epithelium covering the papillae and in the epithelium of the outer walls of the papillae from the side of the furrows. The outer wall of the vallate papillae is gradually transformed with no visible boundary into the surface of the root of the tongue devoid of papillae. The surface of the vallate papillae is uneven. The connective tissue core of the papillae is formed by numerous, irregularly shaped connective tissue papillae, between which epithelial streaks are arranged. Around the connective tissue core of the papillae there is a circular connective tissue fold, with a furrow located on its circumference and the core of the outer wall of the vallate papillae. Numerous excretory ducts of the posterior serous lingual glands (Ebner's glands) open on the fundus of the circular furrow of each vallate papilla. Sometimes excretory ducts of these glands open directly onto the surface of a vallate papilla and then in their vicinity taste buds are found. The results of this study show the structure of vallate papillae on the tongue of adult rabbits, at the same time indicating differences in their structure in comparison to the vallate papillae of other animal species.
Studies were conducted on 77 tongues, collected from rabbits being at day 15, 18, 20, 22 and 26 of prenatal life and from rabbits at day 1, 15 and 30 and in the 6th month of postnatal life. Tissues for analyses, collected from the lateral surfaces of the body of the tongue of rabbits, were studied under a light microscope (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The thickness of the epithelium in successive periods of pre- and postnatal life was analyzed morphometrically. As a result of the conducted studies it was shown that the epithelium covering the lateral surfaces of the tongue changes in the course of pre- and postnatal development from an epithelium consisting from 1-2 layers of cells into a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The thickness of the epithelium increases in successive analyzed periods of life in rabbits. A rapid growth rate was found for the epithelium in the period from day 26 p.c. The lamina propria mucosae is observed in histological slides starting from day 22 p.c. In the same period the presence of elastic fibers was shown. Glycogen was found in the cytoplasm of the epithelial and mesenchymal cells from day 15 to 20 p.c.
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