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The present report describes the new occurrence of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) in cabbage, bean and Malva neglecta plants in Iran. In this study, sequence analyses of a partial RNA dependent RNA polymerases (RdRp) and complete movement protein (MP) and the coat protein (CP) nucleotide sequences of three new ToMV isolates collected from major crop fields in Iran revealed low genetic variation of RdRp gene compared to the CP and MP genes. The different topologies of the phylogenetic trees constructed, using available open reading frame (ORF1), ORF2 and ORF3 sequences from ToMV isolates, indicated different evolutionary constraints in these genomic regions. Statistical analysis also revealed that with the exception of CP other tested ToMV genes were under negative selection and the RdRp gene was under the strongest constraints. According to the phylogenetic tree it can be inferred from the nucleotide sequences of the complete CP and MP genes, that isolates from Iran and Egypt formed separate groups, irrespective of host origin. However, isolates clustered into groups with correlation to geographic origin but not the host. Analysis of the Ks*, Z* and Snn values also indicated genetic differentiation between ToMV populations. The Tajima’s D, Fu and Li’s statistical values were significantly negative for the RdRp gene of the Asian population which suggests the sudden expansion of ToMV in Asia. Taken together, the results indicate that negative selection and genetic drift were important evolutionary factors driving the genetic diversification of ToMV.
Studies were carried out on the efficiency of spray application of two common fungicides on the infection of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc.) with the tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) applied by mechanical inoculation. Out of two tested fungicides only Curzate was able to reduce effectively virus infectivity (by ca 57%), when applied 4 hours before inoculation with ToMV. The effect of inhibition decreased with time elapsing between the moments of fungicide treatment and virus inoculation. Both fungicides did not influence infectivity when mixed with the virus in vitro.
Globalization resulted in increased international movement of both people and plant material or plant products, including seeds. It is estimated that up to one third of all plant viruses might be seed-borne in at least one of their hosts. In this way viruses may be comparatively easy spread to regions where they have not previously been reported. Dissemination of viruses by seeds might be minimized by using the molecular diagnostic tools. In this paper a problems connected with the detection of viruses in seeds are presented.
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