The present research covers the time of the second rotation: sugar beet-spring wheat-pea-winter triticale (1999-2002). The investigations were conducted on a very good rye complex soil. A reduced tillage for sugar beet and no-tillage for the other crops in crop rotation result in labor, fuel and energy consumption reduction, as compared with conventional tillage by an average of 50% and expenditure by 42%. The highest energy effectiveness in crop rotation was observed in the system in which sugar beet was cultivated in reduced tillage, and other crops in no-tillage. The effectiveness increases by 135% for conventional tillage for all the crops in rotation. The lowest effectiveness is obtained for conventional tillage with intercrop for sugar beet and pea, and conventional tillage for spring wheat and winter triticale.
The field experiment was carried out in 2006-2008 in the Felin Experimental Farm (University of Life Sciences in Lublin) on podzolic soil developed from dusty medium loam. Root chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) var. sativum (Bisch.) Janch. cv. Polanowicka was involved in the experiment. The experimental factors were 3 species of intercrop plants: common vetch (Vicia sativa), phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia), oat (Avena sativa) and 2 dates of ploughing-in: pre-winter and spring. In total, 26 taxons characteristic for vegetable plantations were identified in chicory weed infestation. Monocarpic species dominated, among which Senecio vulgaris, Chenopodium album, Lamium amplexicaule, Galinsoga ciliata, and Capsella bursa-pastoris were predominant. The date of ploughing-in did not significantly affect the status and size of weed infestation of chicory plots. Short-lived species occurred after pre-winter ploughing-in, while perennial – after spring ploughing-in. The application of intercrops significantly reduced chicory weed infestation as compared to the cultivation with no intercrop. The ploughing-in of Avena sativa biomass appeared to be the most efficient. The intercrop plants reduced the occurrence of Senecio vulgaris and Capsella bursa-pastoris which were the most numerous in the treatment without intercrops. Biomass of Vicia sativa favored the growth of Chenopodium album and Lamium amplexicaule. The secondary weed infestation did not depend on agrotechnical factors applied during the experiment.
The influence of different tillage and fertilization practices on changes in soil pH and sorptive parameters of loamy haplic Luvisol was evaluated in a long-term field experiment (established in 1994, in the locality of Dolná Malanta, at the experimental station of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra). The field experiment included two types of soil tillage (conventional tillage – CT and reduced tillage – RT) and also three treatments of fertilization (1. Co – control, 2. PR+NPK – crop residues together with added NPK fertilizers, and 3. NPK – with added NPK fertilizers). The soil was sampled from all treatment sites throughout 1994-2011. The results showed a statistically significant influence of tillage and fertilization on pH and sorptive complex of haplic Luvisol. The values of pH were higher (by 4%) in RT than in CT. The sum of basic cations (SBC), cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) and base saturation (BS) were all higher in RT, by 11%, 8% and 3% respectively, than in CT. In NPK (by 16%) and in PR+NPK (by 20%) the values of hydrolytic acidity (Ha) were decreased in comparison to the control. On the other hand, SBC was elevated. This led to the increase of CEC and BS. Conventional tillage and application of crop residues together with NPK fertilizers increased pH by 0.06 and 0.03 units per year, respectively, which means that the pH in the soil increased by14% and 8%, correspondingly, between 1994 and 2011. In CT and in PR+NPK, an increase of SBC occurred at an average rate of 3.17 and 1.93 mmol kg-1 year-1, respectively. A positive correlation between the content of soil organic carbon (TOC) and Ha (r = 0.334, P ≤ 0.01, n = 54), as well as a negative correlation between TOC and BS (r = -0.307, P ≤ 0.05, n = 54) were determined only in CT.
Orka jest najbardziej skomplikowanym i energochłonnym zabiegiem uprawowym w rolnictwie. Jednym z jej głównych celów jest uzyskanie gęstości objętościowej gleby optymalnej dla wzrostu i rozwoju roślin. W pracy rozpatrzono problem orki w sposób teoretyczny i założono, że skiba podlega czterem programom obciążenia w trakcie orki. Dwa z tych obciążeń są odkształceniami polegającymi na zginaniu, a pozostałe dwa mogą być przedstawione jako obroty. Założono różne kształty odkładnic (koło, elipsa, hiperbola i parabola) i przedstawiono równania kinetyki działania pługa, odkształcenia ośrodka glebowego, tworzenia się skiby i jej ruchu po odkładnicy. Mogą one być wykorzystane do przewidywania efektów dynamicznych i zmian objętościowych prowadzących do przewidywania końcowej gęstości objętościowej. Rozważania teoretyczne zostały zilustrowane przy pomocy rysunków i danych eksperymentalnych.
Field experiment was conducted in the years 1998-2000 in GD Felin. The influence of no-tillage cultivation and conventional tillage with spring ploughing on weed infestation of anion was compared. In experiment four cover crop mulches (Sinapis alba L., Vicia sativa L., Phacelia tanacetifolia B., Avena sativa L.) were applied. Fram annual weeds in weed infestation of onion in great number Matricaria chamomilla L., and Senecio vulgaris L. stepped out, and from perennial - Agropyron repens (L.) P.B. Reduced soil cultivation system (no-tillage) caused the significant growth of primary weed infestation of onion in comparison with conventional tillage. In all years of investigations the executed pre-sowing ploughing limited significantly the annual weeds' number in primary weed infestation. The applied mulches from cover plants limited in considerable degree the number of primary weed infestation. In all years of investigations the most weeds stepped out on control object. Among investigated cover crop mulches Vicia sativa L. and Avena sativa L. had a profitable effect on decrease of anion' s primary weed infestation. Soil cultivation system and cover crop mulches had no significant residual influence on the secondary weed infestation of onion.
Celem badań było określenie wpływu uprawy płużnej (UP) i siewu bezpośredniego (SB) na ogólną zawartość węgla organicznego (Corg) w glebie oraz na zawartość: a) lekkich frakcji węgla – particulate organic matter (POM) o średnicy cząstek 2-0,05 mm, b) zhumifikowanej frakcji węgla (HF) związanej z cząsteczkami pyłu i iłu (<0,05 mm). Podstawę badań stanowiło doświadczenie polowe założone w 1975 roku w RZD Chylice na czarnej ziemi o składzie granulometrycznym gliny piaszczystej/piasku gliniastego mocnego. Próby gleby pobrano w latach 2009-2010, wiosną (maj) i jesienią (październik), z głębokości 0-10 i 10-20 cm. Stosowanie siewu bezpośredniego przyczyniło się do znacznego zwiększenia zawartości w glebie Corg, zwłaszcza w warstwie 0-10 cm (o 33%). Udział frakcji POM w ogólnej zawartości Corg wynosił w warstwie gleby 0-10 cm 16,9% w warunkach siewu bezpośredniego oraz 13,1% w warunkach uprawy płużnej. Frakcja POM była bardziej podatna na zmiany pod wpływem badanych systemów uprawy gleby niż frakcja zhumifikowana (HF) i ogólna zawartość Corg w glebie.