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The aim of the study was to develop an analytical method adequate to determine the tiamulin in plasma after administration in therapeutic values, calculation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of tiamulin in broiler chickens and the evaluation of the bioequivalence of two veterinary formulations. In order to determine the tiamulin in investigated material the HPLC technique with UV-VIS detection was used. After oral administration of tiamulin as Tiamulina 10% and Tiamutin 12.5% the following pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated: AUC, Cmax, tmax, t₀,₅, Vd, kel and MRT. For the pharmacokinetics analysis a PK Solution 2.0 computer program was used. Results of the study indicate quite a rapid absorption of tiamulin from the gastrointestinal tract as well as its quick elimination from plasma. The high value of the volume of distribution indicates the peripheral compartment is a target compartment for tiamulin. Results of statistical analysis including pairs of pharmacokinetic parameters like tmax, Cmax, AUC and the evaluation of percentage differences among them, allows the authors to conclude that formulations used in the study are bioequivalent.
A validation method is a key element in both the elaboration of reference methods and the assessment of a laboratory's competence in producing reliable analytical data. The aim of the study was to validate the GC method (according to Marcus and Sherma), which is used in determining 8-α-hydroxymutilin in a biological matrix (swine tissues: liver and muscles). The fundamental parameters for validation, including accuracy, precision, selectivity, sensivity, reproductibility and stability, were estimated. The studies confirmed the usefulness of the GC method for determining tiamulin residues in swine tissues.
Four groups of male golden hamsters (12 animals per one group) were given orally for 5 consecutive days the following drugs: group I = 0 (control), group II = monensin at the rate of 2 mg per 1 kg, group III = tiamulin at the rate of 45 mg per 1 kg, group IV = monensin simultaneously with tiamulin at the rate of 0.5 mg and 10 mg per 1 kg respectively. Four animals of each group were sacrificed at 1, 4 and 10 weeks after the treatment. There were evaluated: the weight of testes, epididymides, accessory sex glands, the number of spermatozoons and the percentage of spermatozoons with morphological defects. The results were analysed statistically with Bartlett’s test and two-way ANOVA. Neither monensin nor tiamulin induced any adverse effects on the male reproductive system of hamsters.
Tiamulin, a semi-synthetic antibiotic agent, is exclusively used in veterinary medicine and is rapidly distributed in the body and intensively metabolized in the liver. The aim of the study was to estimate the residue levels of tiamulin metabolite in pigs. tissues after oral and intramuscular administration. The experiment was carried out on 38 pbz breed weaners, divided into two groups. One of the groups was administered Tiamowet 45% granulate orally at a dose of 24 mg/kg b.w./day, and the other was administered Tiamowet 200 intramuscularly at a dose of 15 mg/kg b.w./day. Both drugs were taken for 5 days. The weaners from both groups were slaughtered on days 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 15 following the end of drug administration. Samples of tested tissues from the livers and muscles were isolated in order to measure the residue marker level. 8-α-hydroxymutilin residues were estimated according to the GC method by Marcus and Sherma in their own modification. A validation method procedure was also carried out. The GC experiment showed that 8-a-hydroxymutilin concentration in the tested muscles attains a lower level than that of MRL i.e. 100 µg/kg on day 10 following intramuscular Tiamowet 200 preparation administration and on day 12 following oral Tiamowet 45% granulate administration.
The purpose of this work was to evaluate under experimental conditions the clinical and economic of the combined use of tiamulin and tetracycline in the treatment of mixed infections of the respiratory system. Sixteen piglets, approximately 12 kg, were used in the experiment. The animals were free of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M.hp.), Bordetella bronchiseptica (B.b.), Pasteurella multocida (P.m.) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A.pp). The piglets were infected at day „0” with an M.hp. suspension at a dose of 10⁷ cfu/ml. One ml of this suspension was given into each nostril. After 14 days the animals were randomly divided into 2 groups (experimental I and control II) and infected with a suspension of dermonecrotoxic strain of P.m. The density of this culture was 10⁹ cfu/ml. Two ml of this suspension was administered into each nostril. On the same day treatment of the experimental group was started using doses of tiamulin and tetracycline recomended by the producer. After 10 days treatment was finished. Six weeks after the P.m. infection all sows were killed. The efficacy of the therapy was evaluated on the basis of bacteriological and serological examinations and post mortem findings: estimation of lesions in the lungs, isolation of M.hp. and P.m. from lung tissue. The dynamics of body weight gains and feed conversion were also determined. After investigation it was determined that administration of the above mentioned antibiotics eliminated M.hp. and P.m. in all animals from the experimental group. In the control group M.hp. was isolated in 3 cases and P.m. in 5 cases. There were considerable visible differences in the spread of lesions in lungs from treated and untreated sows. Mean body weight at the day of slaughter in the experimental group was about 6.5 kg higher than in the control. There were significant differences in dynamics of body weight gains visible in the whole period between P.m. infection and the day of slaughter. Feed conversion was also about 20% better in the treated group. It was concluded that tiamulin and tetracycline combination was effective in the therapy of experimentally induced, mixed infection of the respiratory system of pigs.
The first clinical cases of proliferative ileitis were recognized in two large pig farms in the western part of Poland in 1995. Both farms were well managed and had a high hygienic status. A reproductive herd in farm P consisted of approx. 350 sows and in newly established farm S of 170 gilts and 20 boars. The clinical picture of the disease was observed in about 10 per cent of weaned and fattening pigs in farm P and in about 20 per cent of the gilts and boars in farm S. The most pathogenic clinical sign was chronic diarrhoea of grey-brown faeces. The diseased animals exhibited a very poor performance. Mortality of the affected pigs reached 2 per cent. Gross lesions of the ileum and other parts of the small intestine were covered by a characteristic reticulated serous exudate. Histopathologically, diffusive microscopic lesions with proliferative enteropathy were observed. Affected crypts were enlarged and branched. Excellent theraupetic results were obtained by the treatment of all pigs with 100 ppm of tiamulin in farm S and with 100 ppm of tylosine in farm P.
The severe toxicity due to incompatibility of ionophore antibiotics with the semi-synthetic antibiotic tiamulin is still unclear. It seems to be of interest to find whether this phenomenon could effect a prenatal development of offsprings. In the present investigation monensin and tiamulin were given orally, separately or simultaneously, on gestation days 6—11 to hamsters, and on days 6—15 to rats. Hamsters were sacrificed on day 15, whereas rats on 21 day of pregnancy. All fetuses were examined for external, internal and skeletal malformations and variations. There was no evidence of teratogenic action of both used drugs in hamsters and rats. However, in hamsters tiamulin in the dose of 45 mg/kg was found to be embryotoxic (increased frequency of resorptions) and fetotoxic (lower mean fetal weight and fetal crown-rump length), but not in rats. In both species of animals, which were given monensin or monensin and tiamulin some stimulating effects on fetal growth was recorded in comparison with the control fetuses.
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