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In this study the moisture sorption isotherm of grape seed was determined by using a static gravimetric method at 35-65°C and 0.108-0.821 water activity range. The sorption isotherms were found to be typical sigmoid shape of most food materials. Five models including the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (2-parameter), Guggenheim, Anderson and De Boer (3-parameter), Oswin (2-parameter), Ferro-Fontan (3-parameter) and Peleg (4-parameter) models were considered to fit the experimental data. The Ferro- Fontan and Peleg equations (at three temperatures 35, 45, 65°C) having R2 greater than 0.97 and lower values of standard error of estimate and deviation modulus gave the best fit of the experimental data throughout the entire range of water activity. The net isosteric heat of sorption, calculated by Calusius-Clapeyron equation on experimental data, was found to be a polynomial and exponential function of equilibrium moisture content within the temperature range investigated.
Chromium is a heavy metal which has widely used in tannery and electroplating industries. Contaminations of these industrial metals into the river possess major threat to an environment. Therefore, biosorption is a technique which is applied for the sorption of heavy metal by a biomaterial. In the present study reveals that cherry leaves was used as a biomaterial and for that the thermodynamic properties was evaluated for the biosorption of chromium. From the thermodynamic studies it was found that the reaction was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic because the values of ΔG = negative, ΔS = negative and ΔH = positive. So, it was concluded that the experiment was thermodynamically feasible.
A high coordination lattice model was used to represent the protein chain. Lattice points correspond to amino-acid side groups. A complicated force field was designed in order to reproduce a protein-like behavior of the chain. Long-distance tertiary re­straints were also introduced into the model. The Replica Exchange Monte Carlo method was applied to find the lowest energy states of the folded chain and to solve the problem of multiple minima. In this method, a set of replicas of the model chain was simulated independently in different temperatures with the exchanges of replicas allowed. The model chains, which consisted of up to 100 residues, were folded to structures whose root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) from their native state was between 2.5 and 5 A. Introduction of restrain based on the positions of the backbone hydrogen at­oms led to an improvement in the number of successful simulation runs. A small im­provement (about 0.5 A) was also achieved in the RMSD of the folds. The proposed method can be used for the refinement of structures determined experimentally from NMR data.
Effects of environmental factors on composition, structure, and physicochemical properties of native starches from different plants have been extensively studied. Among parameters to which attention was paid were environmental factors there is a growth (soil) temperature during plants development (growth temperature) that plays one of the most important role. The application of different physical approaches for a description of the thermodynamic melting parameters of starches allows to determine the cooperative melting unit, the thickness of crystalline lamellae and to evaluate the role of defects in the structural organization of native granules at changes of growth temperature. As example it is considered the influence of growth temperature of plants on the properties of normal potato and sweet potato starches as well as waxy, normal and high-amylose barley starches, i.e. starches with different polymorphous structures of B-, C- and A- types, correspondingly. The nature of calorimetric peaks doubled for some lormal and high-amylose barley starches at a decrease in growth temperature is discussed.
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