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Conceptions, concepts and categories of the new institutional economic theory which founder O. Williamson was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics in 2009 are presented. The aim of the work is presenting the method of quantitative analysis and forecasting which has been worked out for application in students’ scientific papers.Theoretical concepts and methods of the efficiency assessment used in neoclassical and institutional economy presented in the economic literature are the materials for the critical assessment in the paper. The article reveals new methods of planning and forecasting of possible consequences from mplementation of institutional projects which can be used while making decisions on the necessity of their introduction. Possibilities of combining sociological and economic tools of the analysis for studying the object of institutional character by researchers-beginners have been considered. The assessment of institutional efficiency and elasticity with the use of institutional theories requires the development of adequate techniques and quantitative tools and measures.
The article presents precursors and classical representatives of the sociological theory of the social role. It also includes current critical reviews of the theoretical concepts discussed here. The article employs a method of analysis and synhesis. The analysis regards selected theoretical concepts and the synthesis dynamic aspects of the theory. Part one reveals the sources of terms and concepts that are the components of the sociological theory of the social role. It is based on the ideas of the forerunners of the theory: R. Linton, G.H. Mead and R.E.Park. A critical interpretation and improvement of their thought achieved by the modern sociologists: R..K. Merton and J. Turner, are also taken into consideration. Some opinions of Polish sociologists as regards the theoretical output are also discussed. Part two of the article is a detailed discussion of the theoretical systems developed by T. Parson and F. Znaniecki. Special attention is paid to their essential and comparative value. Part three is a presentation of a drama version of the sociological theory of the social role produced by E. Goofman. Part four includes a description of name terms and concepts from the fringe area of the theory of the social and other sociological thermies e.g. the theory of the social conflict, or the theory of the personality, that are useful in empirical research. As a conclusion a synthesis of the theoretical analуsis of the selected concepts of the theory in question is presented. The use of F. Znaniecki's sociological theory of the social role is assessed for the research on the dynamics changes of the social role among selected groups of people.
The purpose of the present review was to provide an up-to-date summary of the bio ecological theory in sport literature. Systematic reviews can facilitate decision-making in areas where randomized control trials (RCTs) have not been performed or are inappropriate. In order to appreciate the status of current knowledge and understanding and to identify potential future directions, the authors conducted a synthesis of published work in sports science using a systematic-review methodology. Published since 1977, Bronfenbrenner’s model of human development provided an ecological lens for identifying and synthesizing barriers to sport participation. From a search of electronic databases, findings comprised 1120 identified records, from which only 896 entries were considered. From these a total of 183 published studies relating to the bioecological theory and sports science were assessed, and from this point only articles pertaining to sport related issues were taken into consideration (n = 89) excluding other types of documents (n = 94). The Systematic Review (SR)develops upon these 89 articles and a total of 23 articles were selected for the fourth and final retrieval. A semi quantitative review protocol and standard quality assessment criteriahave dominated the research. The authors conclude by summarizing the key findings in the literature and highlighting the gaps that could be filled by future research.
The cancer stem cell theory elucidates not only the issue of tumour initiation and development, tumour’s ability to metastasise and reoccur, but also the ineffectiveness of conventional cancer therapy. This review examines stem cell properties, such as self-renewal, heterogeneity, and resistance to apoptosis. The ‘niche’ hypothesis is presented, and mechanisms of division, differentiation, self-renewal and signalling pathway regulation are explained. Epigenetic alterations and mutations of genes responsible for signal transmission may promote the formation of cancer stem cells. We also present the history of development of the cancer stem cell theory and discuss the experiments that led to the discovery and confirmation of the existence of cancer stem cells. Potential clinical applications are also considered, including therapeutic models aimed at selective elimination of cancer stem cells or induction of their proper differentiation.
The manuscript printed below has been written by Prof Jerzy Konorski around 1970, a few years before his death in 1973. The manuscript has not been published before. It was recently discovered in Konorski's papers deposed in the Library of the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology. In his critical review Konorski debates advantages and shortcomings of the physiological approach of Pavlov and purely behavioristic approaches advocated by Hull and Skinner. He supports close cooperation o behaviorists with neurophysiologists and neuroanatomists, with focus on the investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying behavior. Konorski's ideas concerning the integration of the study of behavior and neurophysiology anticipated contemporary path of neuroscience. Indeed, his approach, which at that time appeared somewhat controversial, is universally accepted by contemporary neuroscientists. By contrast, physiological theories of higher mental functions formulated by Pavlov as well as deliberately anti-physiological approaches of Skinner and Hull have all but disappeared from serious scientific discourse. However, the same problems such as strongly promoted self-importance of some branches of neuroscience, the lack of inter-communication between different branches and resulting lack of integrating ideas appear to emerge anew in each new generation of scientists. (Editors of Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis).
This paper explores the theoretical justifications for public expenditures to support the agriculture sector and farming population. The market failure and welfare rationale for government intervention is contrasted with government failures. In addition to the normative analysis, the paper presents empirical evidence on the level of public agricultural expenditure based on cross-country data with main focus on the European Union countries. The results of own cross-country statistical analysis suggest that per capita costs of EU support to agriculture are only weakly related to the general economic development of the individual countries but this support is relatively more important for the economies of less developed EU members. A look at the fi ndings of the reviewed country studies exploring the link between public expenditure allocated to agriculture and the sector performance reveals that this way to support farming and rural economy may be effective, exerting a positive effect on growth in crop and livestock production, private-sector investments in agriculture and rural and general poverty reduction, but its impact depends on the type of expenditure.
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The conception of sustainable development has been implemented into practice in numerous economic sectors, including forestry. Forest ecosystems are extremely important in the global ecological system, therefore maintenance and appropriate management of forest resources according to sustainable development principles have engaged a great deal of attention. The concept of sustainable forest management (SFM) encompasses three dimensions: ecological, economic and social. A powerful tool to promote SFM are criteria and indicators. The aim of the article was evaluation of SFM in Poland, using one of the methods proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). According to data available, Polish forestry has a number of advantages: Poland has avoided the problem of deforestation, forest area has been permanently increasing, there has been observed improvement of forest health and vitality as well as a significant share of forests has carried out protective functions with no impact on timber production. Poland’s model of SFM is an adaptive process of balancing the ever-changing set of economic, environmental and social expectations. Such a complicated undertaking requires constant assessing and adjusting forest practices, in response to new circumstances, scientific advances and societal input.
At present theories explaining location of different firms from all economical sectors create special scientific stream in economical geography. Many theories have been put forward to explain the location of various types of economic activities since the 19th century. Some of them concern only to agriculture or industry. Others concern to modern forms of human, economical activity. In the modern approach, the location of a business also includes the results of the procedure of selecting a site at which an economic activity of a certain kind will be conducted. The location theory aims to define the spatial organisation of a company and to find the variables which will make it possible to state the location and to find analytical solutions. Agglomerations, due to high power of attracting and retaining the capital and entrepreneurial-minded staff, provide a good location for small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs). Some theories of industrial location base on the concept of networking, which perceives the enterprise operation as a chain of various activities. Businesses develop while manufacturing goods, then they transfer those goods to successive entities. At present there are not many researches in literature explaining location, including sector of SMEs. Agritourism activity is the example of this sector creating in rural areas in many parts of Poland.
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