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The Xilin Gol area is located in central Inner Mongolia, China. It had been a fertile prairie in northern China, but desertification and sand storms have increased in past decades. This study shows the spatial and temporal distribution of sand storms in the Xilin Gol area. The results of the analysis show: (i) Factors such as strong winds (usually beyond seven levels), rain and temperature have an impact on sand storms. The correlation coefficient between sand storm days and strong wind days is 0.89. (ii) There are more sand storm days in the west than in the east. (iii) In the last 30 years, the frequency of sand storms have been consistently decreasing.
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Airborne pollen of Olea in five regions of Portugal

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The aim of this work was to study spatial and temporal distribution of Olea europeae airborne pollen in different Portuguese regions: Reguengos de Monsaraz (south); Bairrada (west); Braga (northwest); Valenca do Douro and Foz Coa (north-east). Airborne pollen sampling was conducted from 1998-2003 using "Cour" type samplers located in each region. The main pollen season (MPS) of Olea lasted on average 36 days and occurred from late April until middle-to-end of June. During the studied period, inter-annual variations among and within regions, concerning the total annual pollen counts and the beginning, peak and ending dates of the MPS, were reported. Reguengos de Monsaraz and Bairrada registered the earliest MPS starting date, followed by Valenca do Douro and Foz-Coa, and the latest date was verified in Braga that also had the shortest MPS. Reguengos de Monsaraz presented the longest MPS with the highest differences in the beginning and ending dates, but minimum differences in the dates of the maximum pollen peak. Our results showed an increase in the Olea annual pollen index, from north to south, and from the west to the east regions of the country.
Jeddah is the most industrialized city on the west coast of Saudi Arabia and is under increasing influence of human activities. Heavy metals data were obtained from four near-coast Red Sea sediment cores in close proximity to Jeddah. Chromium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and lead were analyzed from depth-resolved sections of each core via heavy acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The average concentrations of all four sites were 245.96 mg kg1, 478.45 mg kg1, 8506.13 mg kg1, 251.82 mg kg1, 623.09 mg kg1, and 362.75 mg kg1, respectively. The depth-resolved results showed that highest concentrations of Mn, Cu, and Pb were found in the top 15 cm of the core profile distributions compared to other depth sub-samples. Heavy metal concentrations in core sediments are increased near central Jeddah and have become higher in recent years. The results of enrichment factor calculations indicate little anthropogenic supply of Mn and Cr while Pb, Zn, and Cu show strong anthropogenic input. The Pollution Load Index was higher in the two sites closer to central Jeddah where power and desalination plants and wastewater release are known. This indicates that the area has suffered from heavy metal pollution compared to other non-industrialized sites in the Red Sea. Heavy metal contaminations due to anthropogenic activity should be taken into account to protect the Red Sea during future growth. The results of this work should be considered as a baseline for heavy metals monitoring in the sediments of the Red Sea coast near Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
The cycle of gonad development and related changes in the length structure and spatial-temporal distribution of ninespine sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius L.) in Puck Bay were studied. Observations were carried out in the shallow shore zones, as well as in the deeper epipelagic zone of the Bay. Ninespine sticklebacks reproduce in the brackish environment of Puck Bay, breeding in its warmer, inshore zones. Reproduction takes place in the spring and summer months, from April to July. One female spawns several clutches of eggs during one breeding season. The average length of ninespine sticklebacks in Puck Bay was about 40 mm, and the sex ratio in the population was close to 1:1. However, both length structure and sex ratio were subject to local and periodic variations, resulting from possible breeding-related territorial divisions. Higher gonadosomatic indices in females in early spring represented the transition of fish to the advanced vitelligenous phase. The lowest GSI of males during the breeding season indicated the termination of spermatogenesis. The completion of spawning in August started a new process of gonad restoration to prepare the fish for the next breeding season.
The distribution of Lake Tana fish species was studied from January 2000 to December 2003. Samples were collected monthly using gill-nets of 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mm stretched mesh size. Labeobarbus spp., Oreochromis niloticus, Claris gariepinus and Varicorhinus beso are commercially important fish species and form 77%, 13%, 9% and 1% of the pooled experimental fish catch. There was significant variability among years and sampling sites encompassing both temporal and spatial aspects. Population densities of Labeobarbus spp. and V. beso were significantly declining, in contrast, the abundance of O. niloticus and C. gariepinus did not change. The most likely explanations for the decline in Labeobarbus spp. are the increase of the commercial gill-net fishery targeting their spawning aggregations in the river mouths, use of poisonous plant materials and the increasing trend of the disconnectivity and channelisation of rivers. The results stress the need for urgent development of a management plan focusing on ensuring river connectivity, fishing effort and gear restrictions, and control in the river mouths and major tributaries during the breeding seasons.
Podstawę opracowania stanowiły wyniki automatycznych, cogodzinnych pomiarów stężeń ozonu niskotroposferycznego pochodzące ze stacji imisyjnej WIOŚ, zlokalizowanej w Szczecinie przy ul. Andrzejewskiego. Stwierdzono, że w okresie badań obejmującym lata 2005–2007 największymi przeciętnymi stężeniami ozonu charakteryzowała się kalendarzowa wiosna, a najmniejszymi kalendarzowa jesień i zima. W ujęciu tygodniowym wykazano przewagę poziomu imisji weekendowej nad pozostałymi dniami tygodnia najsilniej zaznaczającą się w porze wiosennej. W przebiegu dobowym ozonu, zwłaszcza podczas wiosny i lata, występował wyraźny wzrost stężeń rozpoczynający się w godzinach rannych, z maksimum przypadającym na godziny od 15.00 do 18.00 (wg czasu UTC).
The aim of this study was to characterize the spatial and temporal variability of total organic carbon concentrations in a shallow, eutrophic lake (Lake Jarosławieckie, the Wielkopolski National Park, mid­western Poland) against the background of lake habitat heterogeneity. The interrelations between TOC and chlorophyll a in different studied sites (in macrophyte communities as well as in open water sections) were also taken into account. In November 2000, March, May, June and July 2001, water samples were collected in two transects along and across the lake traversing macrophyte communities of the phytolittoral zonation (7 sites) and reaching the open water zone (mid-lake, 3 sites) and, additionally, in a site close to a beach attracting local inhabitants and tourists. Statistical analyses revealed significant temporal differentiation and reverse patterns of changes of both TOC and chlorophyll a concentrations in the studied lake, whereas the spatial one was not significant. No correlations between both parameters were found. The results of cluster analyses suggest macrophyte vegetation and its seasonal changes in development as the main factor to influence TOC concentrations.
A total of 598 Austrian and 1117 Polish skulls of brown haros Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 was examined for dental anomalies, occurrence of Wormian bones and formation of a fenestra in the fossa mandibulars assis temporalis. In addition, the degree of ossification of skull sutures and frequencies oi traceable interparietal sutures were analysed in Austrian hares. Frequencies of missing M3 were 1.95% for Austrian and 2.1% for Polish hares from 1986 - 1990. No significant differences as to age or sex were found for incidences of missing M'1; the left side of the tooth row was significantly more often affected by missing M'\ which indicates directional asym­metry. Rotation of the I2 (mainly of low magnitude) was noticed in 27.9% of subadult and adult Austrian hares. Occurrences of all other dental anomalies such as abnormal shape of M', missing I2, missing M3, supernumerary I2, additional upper molar and various cases of malformation or irregular position of teeth were very low, respectively. Ossification of skull sutures was presently rcduced as compared to the material in­vestigated by Cabofi-Raczyftska (1964) and regional differences in the degree of suturai obliteration were found. Temporal fenestration was encountered in 24.6% of subadult and adulL Austrian hares and in 11.6% in Polish hares sampled during 1986 - 1990 (p < 0.001). Frequency of temporal fenestration increased with age: 2.9% in fetuses/ neonates, 16.5% in subadult and 28.1% in adult hares from Austria (p < 0.01, d.f. = 2); 8.7% in subadult and 23.8% in adult Polish specimens. Average frequency of Wormian bones in Austrian hares was 4.8% and 4.4% in the Polish material. Within subadults 3.7% of males and 16.3% of females (p < 0.01) exhibited a traceable outline of the os interparietale.
This study is part of a long term, multi-faceted research project on rates and directions of spontaneous vegetation dynamics after cessation of agricultural land use, and on the effects of anthropogenic modifications of this process by managed mowing or plowing. The results are based on data from a permanent plot established in Wielkopolski National Park in 1976. This article presents share spectra for certain groups of anthropophytes with after various experimental treatments from a spatial and temporal perspective. An attempt is also made to connect these spectra with successional and fluctuational changes.
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