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The production of sulphuric acid is not ecologically clean regardless of the employed technology. This is a result of the surplus discharge of sulphur oxides into the atmosphere, but there are kinetic and technological possibilities of decreasing this to an ecologically safe level.
The use of modern agricultural machinery on farms is an indicator of progress in agriculture; the use of the latest technology determines competitiveness of agriculture in Poland. High price of agricultural machinery and its continuous increase makes the renewal of machinerypark affordable only for commercially strong farms. The research paper presents the changes in prices of selected Polish agricultural machinery over the last five years.
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В статье проведен расчет скреперной установки для уборки навоза в условиях беспривязного содержания КРС; проведен анализ ее работы и предложены пути повышения эффективности; согласованы условия работы транспортеров поточной линии удаления навоза из коровника, установлены зависимости периодов включения в работу продольного, поперечного и наклонного транспортеров.
Energetic analysis of different grassland management systems was carried out in 2003 at the Hruby Jesenik locality. The study aimed at evaluating the energy inputs and outputs (energy balance) on grassland of different utilization intensity. Four levels of utilization: extensive, low intensive, medium intensive and intensive, were considered. Applied nutrition and fertilization were as follows: A - PK 30 : 60 kg·ha⁻¹, B - NPK 90 : 30 : 60 kg·ha⁻¹, C - NPK 180 : 30 : 60 kg·ha⁻¹. In case of energy inputs the following data were recorded: used industrial and organic fertilizers in pure NPK nutrients (kg·ha⁻¹), the energy of engines (GJ·ha⁻¹), fuel consumption and the amount of human labour (man-hrs) per ha. The energy outputs included the biomass yield (t·ha⁻¹). On that basis the energy balance was made and energy gain and energy efficiency were calculated. Energy inputs ranged from 4.94 to 22.70 GJ·ha⁻¹. The highest energy requirement per production unit was noted at intensive and medium intensive and utilization. The highest energy gain was obtained at low intensive (x=128.21 GJ·ha⁻¹) and medium (123.18 GJ·ha⁻¹) utilization. At extensive utilization the average energy gain 112.18 GJ·ha⁻¹ was observed, while the lowest was achieved at intensively utilized vegetation (x = 102.09 GJ·ha⁻¹). From the viewpoint of energy gain and energy input intensity the utilization of grassland consisted in 3 or 2 cuts per year appeared to be most applicable.
One of the critical aspects which has been emphasized at UNCED conference is utilization of coastal areas and its issues. Considering the afore-mentioned critical problems, the coasts of the Caspian Sea are of particular importance. The Caspian Sea is located between five countries: Iran, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Russia and Kazakhstan. The area, with high and specific ecological capabilities, is very suitable to urban development. There is no doubt that development and industrialization might provide socio-economic welfare to the area-dependent inhabitants, but socio-environmental issues could be generated by improper application of technology and industry. As hurried development, without carrying-out environmental impact assessment in watersheds of the Caspian Sea, might impose adverse effects on the environmental quality of the water body, the present study intends to execute Land Degradation Model (LDM) and determination of ecological susceptibility of terrestrial ecosystems using the Object-Oriented Method in sub-watersheds of the water body. Since long-term environmental issues could not immediately be solved by technological approaches, understanding the relationship between development and environmental protection and consideration of environmental impact assessment (EIA) as an important planning tool in planning process, are being focused in order to achieve sustainable development.
Asian countries have broad extremes of development stages, some are technologically very advanced, on the other extreme are people that are dependent to traditional village practices. Rapid population growth in the past three decades have put great stress to the environment mainly due to a greedy natural resources exploitation. In that period traditional wisdom, knowledge, and taboo are being put behind and got a negative signature especially from the group who claimed themselves as modern people. This paper try to dig into several examples of good traditional practices in Indonesia that has its deep root in a sustainable humanistic environmental management. The 21st century have not only introduce modern mankind practice in the changing face of Asia but have also caused huge environmental degradation along its way of transformation, This paper urge the introduction of ecohydrology principles into Asia countries by bridging a combination approach between traditional knowledge and wisdom that has its deep roots in people daily life with the modern practice learned from modern European experiences.
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